Reintroduce Children’s ASPIRIN

Given the respective scenarios and the projections described in the exhibits for each option, evaluate and choose the alternative that best optimizes Bayer’s prevention and children’s business. Explain. Upon reading the two options that have come up, the best alternative would be choosing the second option: Reintroduce Children's ASPIRIN worldwide as a prevention product and rename it under the brand ASPIRIN 100 ®. Figure 2 (See below) summarized that this option appears to have more benefits than the first option given.Although venturing into this option would require repackaging, relabeling, and reindicating the brand and it might accelerate the cannibalization of Pharma's sales, reintroducing the product could attract new users from competitive brands. As Joachim Zander analyzed the two scenarios under when they reintroduce their product: â€Å"Under the first scenario, we essentially create attention for ourselves and the market reacts. As a result, Pharma's high -end product, CardioASPIRIN ® , loses 10% of its sales due to our cheaper alternative.However, we also appropriate incremental sales of 10% from the competition. Beyond that, by keeping the product on the market, though in a new form, we are able to keep 20% of the children's ASPIRIN customers. Under the second scenario, I envision that the market does the opposite and reacts very little to our product change. Thus, Pharma doesn't lose any volume, and Consumer Care is unable to gain any incremental volume from the competition. Either way, we still keep 20% of the children's ASPIRIN customers.† Comparing Exhibit 6 with Exhibits 7A and 7B, the forecast losses in Option 1 will be substantially greater given the Middle and Worst Case Scenarios than what is featured in losses in Option 2. Although in the Best Case Scenario in Option 1 could appear to be advantageous, assuming that scenario to happen would be faulty. Also, as emphasized in Exhibit 5, although the sales of children ’s aspirin is declining, its margin against the Prevention CardioASPIRIN ® is still significantly higher.Keeping their seasoned and most valued customers who give them more profits will be the optimal approach. Thus, the win-win solution would be Option 2 because either way 20 percent of the children’s aspirin customers will be maintained. This business decision will be less damaging to the company, either best or worse case happens. 2. ) Do you agree with quantitative assumptions used to develop the forecasts? Why or Why not? Yes, I agree.In order to come up with the best decision, managers must make a number of educated assumptions about future trends and events and modify those assumptions once new information becomes available. Quantitative forecasts are typically based on historical data or tests and which involve complex statistical computations, which the Bayer Aspirin Case presented to represent the financial outcomes of the two options. Although quantitative forecasting is not foolproof, it is a valuable tool that enable managers to fill in the unknown variables that inevitably crop up in the planning process.For instance, the case study obtained the trend from 1994 to 1998 to formulate the outcomes of the trends in 1999 to 2003. The results they obtained indicated that prevention customers had been rapidly replacing children customers over the five years from 1994 through 1998. Forecast indicated by 2003 that approximately 27% of Children’s ASPIRIN sales would be for children and 73% for prevention customers, effectively reversing the 80% / 20% split, respectively, from 1994.Upon seeing the trends, Zander and Merker had the ability to conclude that Children’s ASPIRIN was naturally evolving into a low-cost, low-dosage prevention product. And it looked as if the combination of the rapid growth in the prevention market and the decline of the children’s market would be the death of the Children’s ASPIRIN brand. Of course, these are just assumptions and these could be wrong but at least the present trends could spell a lot with what will happen in the future.

Remembering Our Heroes

Some heroes will not be forgotten because they are written into textbooks for schools, Poe peel related to them ell others about their heroics and stories about them so people can know ho w heroic they were and as long as there is religion there will be the heroes to the religious that WI II be remembered. Some heroes will be remembered forever because they are written into text kooks for schools. The story of Achilles is remembered by tons of people because of TEX taboos. In history classes, kids are taught about the story of Achilles during history classes in mi del school and high school because he was a hero from thousands of years ago.Achilles is a prime example of why people will remember some heroes through. People remember Moses FRR mom ancient Egypt through teaching from textbooks. In history classes and through chi arches an d religion, his story is taught to the younger generations about how he saved the Jews from slaver y and became a hero. When it comes down to it, it do es not matter what era a hero is from, if t he deed of a hero is heroic enough, teachers will teach the next generations about that hero. Nielsen Heroes will be remembered because relatives of them will tell of their heroic efforts to people so they will know of them.We know of hero's who have died in battle because their relatives told others about what they did for their country. In WWW, the soldiers RSI who won the medal of honor, but died in battle are talked about by their families for their h Eric efforts. WWW hero's are talked about and not forgotten because of their families. When a h age crisis that affects an entire nation occurs families of the hero's who died in the crisis will remember them forever. The families of the hero's from the 9/11 crisis remember their loved o one's everyday and speak of their courageous efforts to save the wounded.If it was not for those heroes, there would be hundreds of people who would not have survived the 9/11 crisis that did. There will be some heroes that will be remembered as long as there is religion n. The hero to the Christians and Jews, who is known as the messiah, is named Jesus. He s written about in bibles and known as a hero to the two religions because he died for them, too k away and forgave their sins. He died about two thousand years ago and is still remembered Todd ay through the holiday, Christmas. Abraham is known as the father of Christianity, Judaism, a ND Islam.He intentioned to praise the lord and continued to teach his two sons about the 10 rd. His son Isaiah continued on the Jewish and Christian religions while the other son that Bra ham had with his slave had continued on the Islamic religion. If it was not for the faith of Abram am, three of the biggest religions in today's world would not be around today but they still are and are taught to billions of people around the world. In conclusion, some heroes will be remembered forever because the relatives of the heroes will tell of their heroi c efforts so people will know and because the her sees are written into textbooks for schools.

Reader Response Theory Essay

Literary criticism is not an abstract, intellectual exercise; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism is nothing more than discourse—spoken or written—about literature. Reader-response criticism attempts to describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a work of fiction. This type of literary criticism recognizes that like writing, reading is a creative process. Reader-response critics believe that no text provides self-contained meaning; literary texts do not have meaning independently from readers’ interpretations. According to this school, a text is not complete until it is read and interpreted. The easiest way to explain reader-response criticism is to relate it to the common experience of re-reading a favorite book after many years. A book one read as a child might seem shockingly different when re-read as an adolescent or as an adult. The character once remembered favorably might seem less admirable while another character becomes more sympathetic. The book has not changed. However, our life experiences between the first reading and any subsequent re-reading can affect the way we respond to a story. Reader-response criticism explores how different individuals see the same text differently. It emphasizes how religious, cultural, and social values affect the way we read and respond to a work of fiction. Of course, no two individuals will necessarily read a text in exactly the same way nor will they agree on its meaning. Rather than declare one interpretation correct and the other mistaken, reader-response criticism recognizes that different insights are inevitable. Instead of trying to ignore or reconcile the contradictions, it explores them. Reader-response criticism also overlaps with gender criticism in exploring how men and women read the same text with different assumptions. While reader-response criticism rejects the notion that there can be a single correct reading for a literary text, it doesn’t consider all readings permissible. Each text creates limits to its possible interpretations. We cannot suddenly change the setting, the way a story’s plot unfolds, or redefine its characters. Keeping a reader’s journal is a great way to keep track of the fiction you read and your emotional responses to the stories. You can use the journal to explore ideas for essays, note important quotations, and list words to look up in the dictionary. Use your reader’s journal while studying Sun, Stone, and Shadows to provide a convenient way of documenting your own response to the stories you read in the anthology. Excerpted from The Longman Anthology of Short Fiction by Dana Gioia and R. S. Gwynn, eds.

Recommendation for award Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recommendation for award - Essay Example During this period, I came to know Ms. Jessica Martinez very well. I observed the passion she put in her work and the professionalism with which she coordinated her activities. She normally efficiently managed her time. However, when the workload was too much, Ms. Jessica Martinez would leave later than usual. I have also observed her special attention to details. She always maintained very safe, clean, and organized working environment. Ms. Jessica Martinez is a highly devoted person. I would like to mention that Ms. Jessica Martinez has contributed a lot in starting-up and straightening this school. She has worked closely with the entire school’s committee to enhance the school’s prestige. She has worked hard to develop the school’s educational program and the extra-curricular activities. She is very committed to delivering high quality learning standards. In order to improve the student’s learning abilities and diversify the courses, she has identified unique teaching techniques. Ms. Jessica Martinez succeeds in creating a special connection with her students. They are truly fond of her, because she is very affectionate and protective towards them. She can immediately sense the children’s needs. She is also liked and respected by their parents. I remember once, a parent forgot her purse along with her credit cards, and Ms. Jessica Martinez immediately contacted the parent and returned the purse, under my supervision, following our schools’ internal procedures. In addition, I would like to stress that Ms. Jessica Martinez has a degree in early education. This degree will certainly make her more than qualified to become a

Preview of movie door to door Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preview of door to door - Movie Review Example During the 1950s, it was considered next to impossible for a person with Porter’s type of disability to gain respect, much less any kind of meaningful employment. During this period, Porter is continuously told that he has no employable skills or talents and would not be beneficial to any companies. Finally, in 1955, Porter does land a job with The Watkins Company as a door-to-door salesperson. At first, Porter has significant difficulty making any kind of sales, experiencing a never-ending flood of slammed doors from customers who are either not interested in his products or find his disability frightening or distasteful. In his early salesperson efforts, Porter even meets with aggressive dogs that continue to frustrate his efforts. Finally, Porter makes his first sale with an isolated and socially withdrawn alcoholic woman by the name of Gladys, who is played by Kathy Baker. Despite her isolationism and somewhat eccentric attitude, Gladys eventually becomes Porter’s b est customer and friend. The first sale made with Baker’s character gives Porter even more determination to continue as a door-to-door salesperson despite the significant problems he has just trying to walk.

Financial Institutions and Market - Financial Innovation Essay

Financial Institutions and Market - Financial Innovation - Essay Example Advantages include; the creation of new securities, creation of new markets and financial institutions and the economic growth. The creation of new securities provides the investors with new avenues to invest in and it injects fresh capital which in turn leads towards increased employment opportunities. The disadvantages include; use of financial innovation for deceptive purposes such as off balance sheet financing and the creation of special purpose vehicles. The paper discusses two cases related to off balance sheet that shed light over the detrimental impacts of financial innovation over the economy as a whole. Financial Institutions & Market – Financial Innovation There has been significant debate regarding the validity of financial innovation. It has been suggested that financial innovation plays a vital role in the economic growth and prosperity and that, resultantly, financial system regulators should resist over-regulation that might create hindrances in the way of inn ovation. As a counter argument, it has been brought to foreground that certain financial innovations have been blamed for creating enormous economic crises in the recent past. As a result of such financial crises, governments all over the globe are taking extraordinary measures in order to avert more of such crises and they are imposing new financial regulations in this regard. The question that would be discussed in the following paper is whether the potential benefits of the financial system innovation should deter regulators from imposing restrictions on the activities of financial institutions. ADVANTAGES OF FINANCIAL INNOVATION Even though financial innovation has been blamed as the main reason behind financial crises, it has also been said that financial innovation is very important for economic growth. The economic crises that have been said to be due to financial innovation are actually due to the improper use of financial innovation. Innovation, if used properly and constru ctively, can lead towards growth and prosperity in the economy of a country. Following are some of the benefits of financial innovation: Creation of New Securities Financial innovation is the leading reason behind the creation of new securities. Any creation of securities leads towards new capital which is used for economic growth. By creating of new securities, investors invest in the securities and earn returns while the institutions that create such securities invest the capital for the purpose of economic growth (Kimmel, 2010). The resultant growth creates new job opportunities and adds new revenue to the overall economic system of the country. In this way, financial innovation leads towards new investment and financial growth. Creation of New Markets and Institutions Financial innovation is the reason behind the creation of new markets and financial institutions. For example; the concept of ‘Collective Investment Schemes (CIS)’ came to foreground due to financial i nnovation and this method is being widely used by investors all around the world to create and invest in investment schemes with different investment portfolios (Boot & Thakor, 1997). The investment schemes

Emergency Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emergency Nursing - Essay Example experience in critical care. Some nurses have a Baccalaureate degree, others have diplomas and associate degrees as their base education. Some hold Masters degrees as well. PALS- Pediatric Advanced Life Support and ACLS- Advanced Care Life Support are other certifications that can be obtained in specialized areas (NHT, 2008) A minimum of one year work experience is preferred and critical care skills.The nurse must be an independent thinker, be comfortable with and capable of using nursing skills and procedures and be able to make a decision in a timely manner. Assertive and non- emotional nurses are preferred, with excellent communication and critical thinking skills. An excellent understanding of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology is also required (NENA, 2003) Emergency nursing requires expertise in several core competencies. The emergency nurse must be able to interpret data, perform objective assessments, interpret diagnostic results and select nursing interventions to manage the following areas of competencies. 1. Triage 2. Respiratory 3. Cardiovascular 4. Neurological 5. Maxillofacial/ eye/ear/nose/throat 6. Gastrointestinal 7. Genitourinary 8. Obstetrical client 9. Musculoskeletal/ Integumentary 10. Multi-system traumas Emergency Nurse Role 4 11. Environmental Emergencies 12. Immunological/Hematological/Endocrine systems 13. Knowledgeable in Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault 14. Toxicology 15. Mental Health 16. Infectious Disease 17. Psychosocial 18. Discharge Planning/ Client Education 19. Professional Practice Issues/ Legal & Ethical Issues Triage refers to the practice of grouping patients from the most critically ill/injured to the least. This is to ensure that... Patient Care-Emergency nurses care for patients and families in hospital emergency departments, ambulances, helicopters, urgent care centers, cruise ships, sports arenas, industry, government, prisons, military, poison control centers

Environmental Effects of the Production of Electricity by Various Essay

Environmental Effects of the Production of Electricity by Various Energy Sources - Essay Example This paper will explore the use of nuclear technology for electricity production with a bias on the environmental and public health impact of this technology as compared to the use of coal. First of all, the paper will look into the current status of electricity production using nuclear technology today in the USA and then look into the environmental and health impact of this technology and lastly compare the impact associated with it to that associated to use of coal for electricity production. The USA is the leading producer of nuclear power accounting for about 30% of the nuclear power electricity production in the world with 104 nuclear reactors that produce more than 19% of the total electricity produced in the USA (World Nuclear Association) . Currently there are 100 operable nuclear reactors in 31 different states which are under the operation of 30 different companies whereas three reactors are under construction and it is expected that 4 more reactors might be operational by the year 2020 (World Nuclear Association). ... However, the reduction of natural gas rates since the year 2009 has put some misgiving in the economic viability of nuclear expansion in the USA (World Nuclear Association). Although nuclear electricity production is highly regulated by both the state and federal laws to ensure that there is minimal interference with the environment and public health, this technology has its share of limitations. Although the nuclear generation process does not produce pollutant gases such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide as part of the power generation process, fossil fuel gas emissions are associated with the process of mining and transportation of uranium to and fro the reactors (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 57) In this way, nuclear energy production indirectly contributes to release of pollutant gases and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the environment. Open pit excavations of Uranium mines may also be a hazard to both animals and human beings whereas uranium mining in any method elicits environmental concerns because of its waste material tailings from the uranium ore. Tailings are small pieces which result from crushing the rock to obtain the valuable mineral and are usually emplaced in the mine or disposed in engineered dams. They often contain radioactive material and sometimes sulphides with the potential of forming acids (Merkel &Hasche-Berger 631). The nuclear reactors use a lot of water for steam production and also for cooling which might remove a lot of water from the water bodies such as rivers and lakes thus endangering aquatic life (Kingery 151). Water discharge from nuclear power plants also has traces of heavy metal and salts as well as high temperatures thus degrading the water quality in water bodies and

Pregnancy as it pertains to MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pregnancy as it pertains to MRI - Essay Example These particles produce signals due to Radio waves that are collected by a receiver within the scanner. These signals are characterized with the use of varying magnetic field and are further processed by a computer in order to create ultra sharp images of tissues in the form of "slices" that can be viewed in any plane and from any direction. The key advantage of MRI is that it causes no pain and the responsible magnetic fields cause no damage of any kind to human tissues. The MR scanner used may generate considerably loud tapping or knocking noises during the process but it can be prevented using earplugs. A patient can easily communicate with the technologist or radiologist at any instant with the use of an intercom. The magnetic field generated in the MR system is quite powerful and will attract Ferro-magnetic objects and can cause them to move suddenly and with a considerable force. Thus, there can be a risk to the person in the flight path of the object. Due to this reason, great care is taken and ferromagnetic objects like screwdrivers and oxygen tanks are not allowed into the MR system area. A patient is asked to remove all kind of metallic belongings like watches and jewelry before going for an MRI. The magnetic field of the MR system is of considerable magnitude and can pull on any iron-containing object in the body like medication pumps or aneurysm clips. Every MRI facility has a strict protocol that ensures that the MRI technologist and radiologist know about the presence of all metallic implants and materials so that special precautions can be taken. Sometimes, even the exam may have to be canceled. In case a bullet or other metallic fragments are present in the body, there is a risk that it could change position leading to an injury. A metallic implant can not only distort the MR images but also make it difficult for the MRI system to tune to your body. It is not possible to avoid it but allowance can be made while interpreting the images only if the radiologist is aware of their presence. Some MRI examines a gadolinium that may be injected into a vein in order to help the interpretation. a gadolinium is a contrast agent that does not contain iodine like those materials which are commonly used in x-ray process and hence rarely causes any problem or allergic reaction. Preparation for MRI The patient is asked to wear a special gown during the MRI study. The person (generally a friend or relative) accompanying you will be asked questions regarding the presence of implants and will be instructed to remove all metal objects from pockets and hair even before entering the room. A screening form is filled to ensure that the patient may safely enter

The treatment of bulimia with psychoanalysis Research Paper

The treatment of bulimia with psychoanalysis - Research Paper Example ...17 4.1 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....17 References ABSTRACT This paper was based on literature review and it explored many available research papers evaluating the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy for the treatment of the eating disorder, bulimia. It was found as a result of a thorough review of available relevant material in different authentic research journals, that psychodynamic therapy is quite effective in treating bulimic patients, psychodynamic therapy is not an easy form of therapy and the psychologist attempting psychoanalysis of a bulimic must be well equipped to handle the transference phase effectively. Finally, CBT is a quicker option in treating bulimic adults, but the results of CBT are not temporally stable as compared to those of psychodynamic therapy. There is need of more research to test and compare t he effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy when integrated with CBT for treatment of bulimia. INTRODUCTION This paper attempts to review the effectiveness of psychoanalytic techniques used for successful treatment of the eating disorder, bulimia. Psychoanalysis involves various treatment methods that can be used for treating bulimia. This paper will explore and evaluate different psychoanalytical techniques available for treating bulimia with regard to effectiveness. Relevant literature will be thoroughly searched for any evidence of comparative effectiveness of two or more psychoanalytical treatment methods with patients of bulimia. The literature search will be followed by a discussion and the paper will conclude with a summary of the findings. 1.1 The Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology   The first proper theory of human psychology surfaced in the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is the neurologist and proponent of this theory and school of thought namely the psychodynamic approach. The fo under of this school of thought divides human mind into three components: the conscious, unconscious and pre-conscious (Burger, 2008). The conscious consists of the awareness zone and contains thoughts of which one is aware. The thoughts in the pre conscious mind are not readily available, but can be retrieved easily. The last part, namely the unconscious makes up the major part of human mind and is of great interest to psychoanalysts. According to Freud, thoughts in the unconscious are the key to understanding one’s personality and these can only be brought to the conscious mind in certain extreme situations (Burger, 2008). According to the structural model of personality, psychoanalytical school of thought believes in existence of id, ego and super ego. The id is the psychic representative of drives; ego is the component which deals with the ‘relation’ functions of humans and their environment while the super ego consists of the moral precepts. Other main conce pts of the psychoanalytical school of thought include defense mechanisms that humans use to deal with conflict (Brenner, 1973). Sigmund Freud was the founder of this school of thought but it hasn’t died with his death. There have been many changes and advancements in the theory and therapy of psychodynamics and it is accepted

The title of the film was Amistad and the film was released in 1997 Essay Example for Free

The title of the film was Amistad and the film was released in 1997 Essay The title of the film was â€Å"Amistad† and the film was released in 1997 on the territory of the United States of America. The historical period, portrayed in the film, is the year of 1839. It was the year when a terrible rebellion took place on board the Spanish ship La Amistad, which transported salves. It was the time when the slavery was abolished in the North and the South of the United States of America was discontented for they desperately â€Å"needed† slaves to work for them. American courts still decide whether the black person is free according to the place he comes from. The trial over the rebels from La Amistad asks the main question: †Are these rebels slaves or free people? †. The â€Å"free giving† North and the â€Å"enslaving† South were already opposing each other and their relations were rather problematic. The incident became a scandal as it truly reflected the conflict of that time. According to the American laws back then only Africans could be considered free people. The story takes place in the time-gap before the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 till 1865. â€Å"Amistad† is a true story about the slaves that try to go back to their motherland – Sierra Leone. La Amistad† is the name of a Spanish vessel with 53 African slaves on board the ship. The whole story is told be spokesman for the slaves named Joseph Cinque. The film describes the story of a ship approaching the American shore, where trading slaves is illegal. On the way to America the slaves manage to release themselves and kill the whole crew of â€Å"La Amistad† except two crewmembers they leave alive to navigate the vessel. Nevertheless, as they have no idea what direction they need to sail the slaves find themselves near the seaside of New England. The vessel arrested by the coast guards and the rebels get to the court of Connecticut. The Court considers the slaves to be premises and for that reason the lawyer that defends the slaves is a specialist on questions of premises. He is an ambitious young lawyer named Roger Baldwin. The defendants are accused of murder but for them the case is the fight where they have to prove that they are free people and not anyone’s property. Baldwin’s way to defend is very skimpy from the beginning, as he does not seem to feel the problem completely. He does not seem to understand that it goes not about property but about personal freedom of the Amistad slaves in the first place. When Baldwin gets the support of America’s ex-president John Quincy Adams the things change. Adams teaches Baldwin how to feel the case and emotionally deliver it to the court. Adams makes a fifteen-minute speech in Court and put a â€Å"human face on the dispute† showing that the slaves who organized the rebels were free people who were forced to leave their native land, were seized and therefore had to protect themselves just as any other person would have done. Steven Spielberg directed the film and the main motivation of the author was showing that every single person, not depending on the color of skin has the right to be free. In other words each person is born free and nobody can take this freedom away from him. According to Spielberg own words the film tell the viewer about: â€Å"how these Africans are hopelessly caught in the quagmire of the American justice system[1]. This motivation is easily seen through the opposition of the slavery and justice. Spielberg reveals it through a true story to let the spectator understand that this will always remain a problem, even in the contemporary world. The film definitely does give the viewer more insight on the historical period of the 1839, as it in the first places tells about the story was forgotten even by the contemporary African-American representatives [2]. The majority of people do not realize how deep was the problem and the film shows that even twenty years before the Civil War slavery prospered and black Africans did not have many opportunities to defend themselves. It reflects the system of justice of those days where a person that could not speak English was put in Court without even realizing what was going on and without any possibility to explain anything or provide a disclaimer. The valued and the attitudes of the period which is portrayed in the film are primitive – a salve is someone’s property and should be treated as a property. Trial over a slave was a trial where the judge needed to decide â€Å"Whom does this â€Å"thing† belongs to†. The film also reflects the values of the time it was made in. In the first place it is still the problem of racism that is raised even nowadays. It shows the roots, the reasons of the insult that has drawn an invisible line between white and black people. Another attitude seem in the film is the attitude towards court. What the movie says is that the Court has to be independent from anything. As true justice cannot be bought every person needs to be sure that if he not guilty– he will never be convicted. The film is made in accordance with the values of that time; nevertheless the â€Å"waft† of present-day values is rather observable in it. For instance the fat that the defendants were in chains inside the courtroom seem to reflect that a person is not guilty until proved to be innocent and but on the contrary innocent, until proved to be guilty. The characters are not more important than the event, but they harmoniously fit into it. For instance the character of Anthony Hopkins John Quincy Adams shows that the most important thing is to see the human face of the situation, to feel the situation, to emotionally outlive the suffering of other people. This is something that the event itself does not say. It is a human interpretation of the situation and this makes the personage of John Quincy Adams very important to the film, but hardly more important than the La Amistad rebel and the subsequent court. Conclusion: The interpretation of the main characters relates to the most prominent value of the American nation – freedom. This outstanding value is immortal and is something that unites the values of both of the times. The film’s ideology is clear: no human being can be a property of another person; nothing can be called just until it depends on any factors except objectivity; each human being is free from the very moment he was born to the world. Each person can choose and not to be dictated what to do or say. People have the power to choose for themselves and express their will – in other words no discrimination can be made based on the racial differences. The film is a satisfactory historical source. It actually shares the whole story, which is unknown to the majority of the audience, including African-Americans. The strength is that it showed everything very realistic, especially the recollections of the slave, giving the audience the idea of what these people experienced being slaves. The weakness is that it is maybe a little too much concentrated on the characters, than on the event itself. Some things are ignored such as the reaction of public or what in fact people did think about the whole deal. This film can definitely an additional source to study American History, but should not be the only one.

Neonatal Ethics Essay Example for Free

Neonatal Ethics Essay In this paper, I have described all sides of neonatal ethics and have presented my view regarding the topic. I have also managed to integrate philosophical and historical perspectives regarding neonatal care and ethics. In the end, I have given my personal opinion concerning the solution of the issues at stake. The ethical debate regarding the proper care of severely unwell infants is one of the oldest debates in medical sciences. In the present times, approaches that are extremely unusual have been taken to decide about the care of such newborns. This is the reason why it is exceedingly important to analyze the ethical concepts and arguments about many issues concerning the neonatal medicine. Such ethical debates revolve around â€Å"the value of human life; the role of best interests; the deliberate ending of life; and the withholding and withdrawing of treatment† (Brazier). It is a known fact that mankind has been facing ethical concerns since the dawn of civilization. As far as clinical situations are concerned, physicians also face ethical questions on a regular basis regarding one case or the other. However, those involved in neonatal care face a lot of ethical controversies. It is not an untold secret that ethical and moral issues regarding the treatment of neonates have penetrated into a number of features of such cases (Pueschel). When the newborns are within the first 28 days of their lives, they are known as neonates. As far as neonatal intensive care units are concerned, they frequently accommodate and look after for babies who fall in any of the three categories i. e. babies born premature having birth weight that is very low, babies born after nine months (full-term babies) having severe conditions or babies born with inherited abnormalities (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). However tremendous changes have taken place in the modern times and it is now more than five decades that â€Å"neonatal medicine has been practiced to provide specialized and intensive care measures aimed at improving the health and survival of premature and critically ill newborns† (Carter). In the contemporary world, the ethical issues generally revolve around the decision making for the betterment of neonates. Such decisions entail the consideration and evaluation of treatment and assessing whether it would be helpful or ineffective for the wellbeing of the little individual. Thus both short-term and long-term scenarios related to the health of the child are considered while taking any certain decision. The two issues that are of main concern in the process of decision making are the likelihood to survive therapeutic/remedial involvement and the quality of life in the future. It is important here to mention the most renowned case of neonatal decision-making regarding Baby Doe. The child was born with Down’s syndrome and a tracheal-esophageal fistula in 1982. The parents opted for the hard choice and agreed to not repair the fistula with surgical intervention. They decided so because it was in the best interest of the child. They did not want their child to continue living a depended and quality-lacking life given by Down’s syndrome. In the end, starvation ultimately took Baby Doe’s life (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). When neonatal context is discussed, decision making in this regard is rather multifaceted and difficult. The parents of seriously ill neonates have to consult with the care providers and in most of the cases, have to make decisions concerning the newborns’ life-and-death treatment. It is too difficult to decide about the fate of a child who is being awaited for so long. At the same time as it is burdensome for parents to decide the outcome of their child’s life, parents are put in a difficult position to decide so with no clear decision-making process. As a consequence, parents are often given assistance by providers and make illogical, stress-laden and uninformed choices that are not based on systematic analysis but on intuition. As a matter of fact, majority of the opted methods do â€Å"correspond with what is in the best interests of their newborn† (Panicola 723). On the other hand, in few cases, the decisions made by parents result in non-treatment decisions for babies who must be given a chance for survival and treatment decisions for neonates who must not be given a chance to survive due to their extremely poor physical condition (Panicola 723). There may be mandatory, elective or ineffective treatment based on the neonatal cases’ unique aspects. However, the physicians and parents decide to continue with a particular kind of treatment after observing the prognosis of a newborn. If the prognosis looks good, they eventually decide for medical intervention necessary to keep the newborn alive. On the other hand, there are a number of cases where parents refuse to involve medical intercession for the treatment of their child. In such occasional circumstances, hospitals take the help of their ethicists for seeking a court order so that the decisions of the parents may be made ineffective and treatment can be initiated for the betterment of the newborn. The situation turns out to be more notorious when there is no adequate knowledge regarding the prognosis of a neonate and the parents are given the choice to discuss their options about the treatment with the physician (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). Thus, it is when bioethics comes into scene that deals with the limitations, commitments and responsibilities of all the people who are a major part of the decision-making progress. As a final point, there are also a number of cases when medical intervention is considered pointless and unsuccessful, nevertheless the doctors and parents insist to treat the newborn. In such circumstances, treatment is regarded as tremendously troublesome and tentative thereby pointing out that there are small chances of surviving treatment with quality of life in the least. As far as bioethics evaluation is concerned, it considers the patient rights, parental rights and physician duties and responsibilities (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). It is important to mention here that in the last four to five decades, there has been a momentous development in the technology, skills and medicinal/therapeutic interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). Also, technical capabilities have been improved drastically allowing more speedy and accurate diagnosis, efficient scrutiny and supervision and unambiguous treatment. Special-care nursery beds are now available in large numbers and the number of important people including the professionals and specialists has also increased for the successful treatment of God’s susceptible population (Carter). Although such a notable development in neonatal care has brought up stories of joy and miraculous recovery of the newborn, there have been depressing and painful stories where the newborns ended up with severe disabilities (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). As a consequence, bioethics can be helpful and facilitate both physicians and parents in solving issues related to the â€Å"regulation on use of experimental technological developments and by providing guidance in controversial situations† (Bioethical Issues Neonatal Ethics). If the pages of the past are turned, it is rather obvious that the percentage of premature babies who managed to survive was very low. However, in the last three decades, the advancements in technologies and medical developments at the beginning of life have totally revolutionized the likability of babies’ survival that born before 28 weeks of gestation. In the current times, it has been recorded that in developed countries like United Kingdom, more than eighty percent pre-mature babies manage to survive and a good number of the little creatures even survive at gestation period of just twenty-three weeks. Such advancements and developments are rather exciting. However, at the same time, concerns have raised regarding the human and financial cost of such progressions in the care of neonates. According to the research, more or less twenty percent of the survivors who were born extremely premature have ninety-nine percent chances of having disabilities like cerebral palsy. A majority of such survivors are also likely to be challenged with academic and behavioral problems once they are in schools (Wyatt 1). Therefore, a lot of people are concerned whether attempts to save the life of such weak neonates is a sensible utilization of resources or not. Another contradiction in this regard is that even as huge investments are made for making it possible for a newborn to survive, the abortion of fetuses is also tolerated for social reasons. Thus, as far as ethical dilemmas are concerned, they are not only raised by the premature babies but also by babies who have grave complicated congenital malformations at the time of birth. These malformations may be in heart, nervous system, brain, lungs etc. Thus, the ethical concerns regarding neonatal care is that whether such babies must be treated or medical intervention be withheld? (Wyatt 1). As far as the historical perspective and philosophies regarding the issue of neonatal care is concerned, a number of different societies all over the world have considered newborn babies as being less valuable when compared with the adults. In Greek and Roman societies, infanticide i. e. the deliberate killings of newborns and the exposure of infants was a practice that was acknowledged commonly and practiced far and wide. As the mentioned societies characterized themselves for athleticism, power and strength so it was not a surprising thing that those people looked down on and hated babies who were weak, dependent and immature. Thus, an individual child was given importance on the basis of his likable future contributions to the society as a mature adult. Regrettably, no rules and regulations and laws were there that prohibited people from murdering the helpless and ill babies. Sorry to say, in some cases, even the newborn babies who were in good physical health did not have protection by social custom or lawful decrees. It is a bitter reality that killing of malformed babies was considered important for the maintenance of the quality of the civilians. Similar practices were also common in some parts of the Eastern world (Wyatt 1). As far as the secular perspective in this regard is concerned, a number of contemporary philosophers today have accepted the fact that unwanted babies were killed or allowed to die and it was not an abnormal practice in many of the societies in the historical times and societies. It is also claimed that even today people do not consider the murdering of unwanted babies as unethical and this is evident from the fact that prenatal diagnosis and abortion for fetal abnormality is now accepted by a lot of people and societies. Thus, this acceptance crystal clearly demonstrates that even the modern societies of today value the life of a child on his/her physical strength and healthiness and his/her prospected future contributions as an adult citizen for the society (Wyatt 2). Neonatal care raises a number of ethical issues including the deserving neonates who must be given prenatal and neonatal specialty care, the person/group responsible for paying for the care, whether neonatal intensive care costs are acceptable or not, the assurance and equitable distribution of the care, whether babies require intensive care or not, the burdensome consequences of neonatal intensive care, the decision-maker and on what basis decisions are made. These mentioned issues create dilemmas for the healthcare professionals as they obstruct the process of provision of neonatal intensive care. To some extent, these ethical issues concerning neonatal care throw light on the values of the healthcare professions, patients, parents and families. It is important to mention that that these issues are not to be ignores as the failure to acknowledge them may devalue the cultural influences that may shape up a society and human interactions. As already mentioned, neonatal medicinal advancements have provided more options to the physicians and parents. However, what must be done is still a complex decision for them as risks of deaths and disabilities have also increased. This ethical issue has been the factor of conflict between parents and doctors and in a number of cases; guidance was required through courts (Laurance 42). The research suggests that neonates must not be given medical aid and be allowed to breathe their last â€Å"when the struggle to save them results in intolerable suffering that outweighs the babys interest in continuing to live† (Laurance 42). As far as my opinion is concerned, I believe that it is the obligation of a doctor to preserve the life of a human being wherever and whenever possible. As far as neonates are concerned, these babies always have a chance to survive in the future and there have been cases when extremely premature babies were enabled to live a full life. One of the most encouraging aspects in this regard is that in the last decade, the rate of survival of exceedingly weak babies has more or less doubled. I strongly believe that the physicians and parents/guardians must not attempt to do anything that may put a stop to the continued existence of a little one simply for the reason that he/she won’t be a healthy and contributing adult in the future due to his unhealthy severe physical condition (Laurance 42). However, it is unfortunate that all the answers of the mentioned dilemmas are rather difficult as there is always a clash between values conflict and principles of morality. In addition to this, it is also not easy to agree upon a consistent situation where beneficence can be chosen over autonomy and vice versa. A majority of people hold on to both the sides of the conflict i. e. â€Å"the respect for persons principle and to the principle of beneficence† that helps them to decide about the particular actions that may result in the best consequences for the patient and the family. Unfortunately, there is no special recipe that may facilitate the involved people to decide about what is the best thing to do in situations when there is a conflict between these principles. This is also not fair to stick to one decision and disregard the other options. Thus, the best thing that can be done by a decision maker in the occurrence of such conflicts is to do a deep analysis of the situation in the most cautious manner and try to identify the values at risk and all people who may be affected by the outcomes of the decision. For sure, the patient’s interests must be the top priority before the interests of others involved (Macklin). To cut a long story short, it is better not to utilize the neonatal intensive care â€Å"when the death of the baby can only be postponed temporarily, at the price of severe suffering, or when survival is associated with severe disabilities and an intolerable life for the child and the family† (Orzalesi). This is because in some unique circumstances, the best alternative for the betterment of the child is to withhold or withdraw intensive treatment.

The Report On Marketing Strategy For Dell Marketing Essay

The Report On Marketing Strategy For Dell Marketing Essay Successful companies under todays competition have one thing in common: they attach a great importance to their consumers perspective and needs, and they are putting a lot energy and money into marketing. They encourage every employee in their organization to construct long-term relation of loyalty through providing consumers with services or products of high quality at a reasonable price (Coughlin Louis, 2001). When Dell Inc. is concerned with this respect, it has done a pioneering job in marketing by selling its products through telephone or via internet. However, with the changing marketing and competition environment, it is of great significance of the company to make adjustment in the following fields: marketing segmentation, marketing communications tools as well as distribution channels. Under the circumstances of buyers market and fierce competitions between companies, marketing plays an indispensible role for promoting sales and, as the result, an enterprises competitive competence. And when it refers to modern marketing, it is not just confined in developing a good product, pricing it attractively, and making it available to target customers (Thomas Reed, 2002). In terms of the computer market, it has also witnessed unprecedented competition among rivalries. Here in this report, the case of Dell Company is discussed under the guidance of relevant marketing theories and concepts. It primarily includes the following parts: firstly, this report starts with the introduction of the concept and theory of marketing segmentation, and five marketing segmentation approaches, which include geographic, age and life-cycle, gender, and behavioral and income segmentation, are recommended for Dell; secondly, five communications tools, consisting of personal selling, sales promot ion, advertising, public relation, direct marketing, are suggested for Dell to promote its sales under the guidance of the theory of marketing communications mix and its content ; lastly, as the company has made collaboration with some retailers, such as Sams Club and Wal-Mart stores, to sell its personal computers, the evaluation of this strategy is made in terms of both advantages and disadvantages. 2. Marketing segmentation of Dell Markets are composed of different consumers, and they differ from each other in one or more aspects, such as purchasing attitudes, consumption practices, resources, desires and locations. Therefore, it is of great necessity to divide the computer market into smaller ones to match the unique demands of different customers by marketing segmentation. 2.1 The concept and theory of market segmentation Market segmentation refers to partitioning a special market into distinct units with varied demands, features, or behavior which might need separate products or marketing mixes (Stanley, 1992). And when it comes to methods which are used to segment a particular market, there is more than one way. A marketer can try varied segmentation variables, alone an also in combination, to search for the best approach to view the market structure (Kotler, 2002). The primary components which might be made use of during the process of making marketing segmentation are geographic, demographic, psychographic, behavioral and income variables. And here in the case of the company of Dell, five marketing segmentation approaches would be recommended. 2.2 Five marketing segmentation approaches for Dell Considering the reality of computer market and the successful approaches taken by Dell in market segmentation, geographic, demographic, psychographic, behavioral and income segmentation are illustrated. geographic segmentation When the market is divided into different geographical units such as regions, nations, counties, states, cities or neighborhoods, this method is called geographical segmentation (Stanley, 1992). One enterprise might determine to run its business within one or a few special regions or to carry out its business all over the country and even the world but would undoubtedly notice the geographical variances in terms of consumer demands. In case of Dell, it has become a global company with its products sold around every corner of the world. However, due to geographical differences, it is of great significance to segment the global computer market geographically. Up to now, the company has segmented the global market into three parts: the Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa and Asia Pacific/Japan. However, with the development of some emerging and potential market, for instance, China, it would be better to segment the market into smaller ones. Age and life-cycle segmentation Age and life-cycle segmentation refers to dividing a market into different ages and life-cycle groups (McCarthy, 1960)). The rationality of segmenting market on the basis of age lies in that peoples demands and wants change with age. Therefore, it makes sense for Dell to provide different products or taking advantage of varied marketing tools for varied age and life-cycle groups. For instance, when advertising its products by adverting on TV or via Internet, the theme of advertisements to teenagers and young people should be full of adventures, fashions, beat-up music and fast-paced cutting from scene to scene, and the content for adults could be more mature, softer. Gender segmentation In terms of gender segmentation, it indicates to divide a market into different groups due to differences in gender (Kotler, 2002). Traditionally, the method of gender segmentation has long been applied in cosmetics, clothing, and magazines and so on. However, as the expansion of Dells business in Asia and other regions, it should take gender variable into consideration. This is because of the increased social status and financial independence of Asian women in recent years. And the gender segmentation can be reflected by designing the appearance of PCs differently. behavioral segmentation When it comes to behavioral segmentation, it refers to segmenting a market into groups based on customers knowledge, use, attitude, or response to a product (Gatignon, 1993). In terms of this market segmentation approach, Dell has really done a great job by providing a wide range of service or products from desktop to notebook computer, form hardware products to software. To make best use of behavioral segmentation method, the company may, on the basis of use for different people, develop computer for business people, student, or home use. income segmentation When marketers divide a market into income groups, this is income segmentation (Doyle, 1994). In tradition, computer marketers target on affluent consumers as computer once was considered as luxury. However, with the popularity of computers, it is of great significance to focus on customers of low-income. This is especially true when Dell run its business in developing countries, such as China, India and African countries. Therefore, when Dell starts business in the developing areas, it is of great necessity of pay attention to develop low-end products. 3. Recommendations for Dell in marketing communications Here in this part, Communication mix is emphatically discussed. The communication is comprised of direct marketing, advertising, personal selling, promotion and public relations. Communication mix is mainly used to promote the new products. It is an effective method to attract consumers and increase the selling (Gatignon, 1993). 3.1 Personal selling Personal selling is the interpersonal arm of the promotion mix (Kotler, 2002). Different from the non-personal and one-way communication approach of advertising, personal selling makes salespeople and consumers communicate each other directly by phones, through web conferences or video or other methods. However, when it comes to different types of companies, personal selling can have quite different roles. In terms of the computer company Dell, final consumers can rarely meet salesperson. This is because Dell interacts with its consumers through its Websites or by telephone. Therefore, in terms of utilizing this marketing tool, Dell set a good example for its competitors. 3.2 Sales promotion Sales promotion refers to activities or performances taken by companies in a short term to stimulate the purchase or sale of the product or service using varieties of formats such as premiums, coupons, contests, etc (Brick, 1982). Through a serial of activities or performances, it can promote people to purchase more. And sales promotion is targeted at final buyers, wholesalers and retailers, other business customers and members of the sales force (Schall, 1983). It can be effective especially for introducing new products or services. Therefore, considering benefits brought by promotion, Dell should take advantage of this marketing tool especially when the company sells new products. 3.3 Advertising It is any paid form of no personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. It is a widely-used means of publicity. The major media types for advertising are: newspapers, television, magazines, radio, internet and so on (Rao, 1993). Advertisements help to draw the publics attention and make people aware of this product. As a result, it undoubtedly could promote sales of Dell. However, it is also kind of double-edged sword as advertisements can be very money-consuming. What is more, advertisements may mislead consumers if they are not properly designed or contain any exaggerated information. Therefore, when choosing advertisements as it means for promotion, Dell must be very careful to select an advertising company and be clear the messages and the image that it wants to convey to it current and perspective customers. 3.4 Public relation Public relations mean establishing good relations with the publics by earning a good reputation, shaping a favorable image and dealing with the companys rumors and events (Doyle, 1994). It mainly contains keeping good relations with the firms different social groups by getting favorable publicity and setting up a healthy and good corporate image in public and at the same time, tackling or heading off stories, rumors, and events which damage its reputation. As a result, consumers get a good impression with this kind of firms and, therefore trust and purchase products manufactured by them. From the perspective of enterprises social obligations, especially in modern times, companies can be condemned and eventually be abandoned by consumers if they fail to perform their social responsibilities. Therefore, today, it is not whether firms should build good relations with the public, but how to construct it in a better and more impressive way. 3.5 Direct marketing It refers to direct contacts with carefully targeted individual customers in order to acquire a reply in time as well as cultivate permanent consumer relationship, for example, using telephone, mail, fax, e-mail, the Internet, and other tools to communicate directly with specific consumers (Kotler, 2002). Direct marketing is very useful helps companies obtain the first hand information directly from consumers. And companies can give an immediate reply to their customers if there are any questions. Through this way, customers obtain a sense of being respected and cared by firms and, therefore, consumers can be loyal to this kind of companies. However, there are also negative effects brought by direct marketing. Firstly, it undoubtedly costs a lot of money, time and human resources. Secondly, companies may not draw any useful conclusions for decision-makers at all if information is processed in a scientific way. Therefore, to make full use of direct marketing, firms must make sufficien t preparations. 4. The evaluation of Dells cooperation with retailers in PCs distribution In the filed of marketing, marketing channel is very important in many aspects (Coughlin Louis, 2001). In recent years, in order to defeat its competitors including Hewlett-Packard, Gateway and Acer in the sales of personal computer and other equipment, Dell determined to cooperate with worlds largest retailer Wal-Mart. This plan is carried out in more 3500 Wal-Mart and Sams Club stores in the USA, Puerto Rico and Canada. And the models of Dell computer, including the necessary accessories, in Wal-Mart is sold at the price of no more than $700. As far as this strategy is concerned, it could bring the company both benefits as well as risks. (1) The advantages of Dells alliance with retailers in PCs distribution As it is known to us that Wal-Mart the largest retailer in the world, therefore, the company is world famous and it has a wide contact with consumers from rich people to the poor. As the result, Dells cooperation with the biggest supermarket would make its products exposed to consumers completely, which would stimulate the sales of Dell. Secondly, considering Wal-Marts proposition value of Always Low Price, Always, Dell sells its product at a price of less than $700. This is perfectly coincided with the value of Wal-Mart and would undoubtedly be helpful to sell its low-end products to consumers of low income. In addition, Dell revolutionized its industry by selling personal computers directly to it consumers instead of through retail stores (). However, today, it changed its strategy partially for surviving in the fierce competition. And this flexible adjustment could promote the sales its low-end products by increasing its distribution channels. (2) The disadvantage of Dells cooperation with retailers in PCs distribution The biggest challenge for Dells setting distribution channels with retailers is that the company cannot readily replace distribution channels with enterprise-owned Web sites or stores when the external or internal circumstance changes. This is because cooperation with retailers involves negotiation, compromise as well time lag in feedback, which costs time. And in the business world, time determines the promptness in reaction to the market and, undoubtedly, it competitive capabilities. Besides, selling its products through a supermarket like Wal-Mart would not helpful for Dell to get the direct information from the consumers. This can result in incorrect decisions from top managers and, as the result, in disadvantaged positions in competition with its rivalries. 5. Conclusion As one of the largest computer producers in the world, Dell Inc. has made progress in the field with a unique style and has done a revolutionized job in marketing by selling its products directly to customers rather than through retailers. Because of the unique approach in marketing, the company has made big profit. However, as the market become much more fierce than ever before and its competitors becomes more competitive, it is of great significance for company to adopt creative marketing approaches, for instance new marketing segmentation methods and marketing communications mix. Besides, it also makes sense to make adjustment in distribution channel.

booking agreement :: essays research papers

BOOKING AGREEMENT This agreement ("Agreement") is mutually agreed upon by _________________ also known as_________________ ("Talent") and _________________, representative of _________________ ("Promoter") on the _________________ (date of Agreement). 1. SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED BY TALENT a) Provide at least a 60 minute DJing appearance at a dance party ("Event") located in the _________________ (city and state/country) geographic area on _________________ ("Date") between the hours of _________________ (start time) and _________________ (end time) ("Time"). 2. SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED BY THE PROMOTER a) Promoter agrees to provide all entertainment at the Event other than Talent. b) Promoter agrees to provide a venue for the Event, all necessary permits and licenses to lawfully conduct the Event, including obtaining and paying all work visas for Talent as necessary, and all equipment for the operation of the Event and the performance by Talent. c) Promoter agrees to contact the following travel agent to make any and all necessary arrangements for prompt payment of airline costs incurred in Talent's transportation to and from Event: _____________________ (travel agent) ______________(phone number) for travel reservations from _________________ to _________________ and back, to arrive on _________________ (arrival date), no later than three (3) hours prior to Event, and to depart on _________________ (departure date) on_________________ (airline). d) Promoter agrees to provide Talent hotel accommodations with a checkout time no earlier than three (3) hours before the airline departure time, consisting of ___ room(s) with 24 hour room service for a period of ____ night(s). e) Promoter agrees to provide transportation, car service, or shuttle for Talent to and from airports and Event location. If Talent handles any transportation costs, Promoter agrees to promptly reimburse Talent for the reasonable costs of such transportation. f) Promoter agrees to provide a sober, (i.e. not intoxicated or inebriated by alcohol, narcotics and/or otherwise), responsible, trusted person ("Driver"), in their employ to escort Talent to and from hotel, airport, venue, etc. as well as to assist her in the event of problems checking in hotel, getting in venue, boarding flight, etc. g) Driver is required to remain "on call" by way of cellular communication and/or pager throughout the duration of Talent's stay, be in possession of a valid driver's license, hold current auto insurance on vehicle driven in amounts customary and reasonable and be in possession of detailed directions both to, from and including hotel, airport and Event location. 3. COMPENSATION OF TALENT a) Promoter shall pay Talent the sum of $____.__ in US dollars ("Fee") for the rendering of service(s) hereunder.

Pagan Elements in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf Essay -- Whos Afraid

Pagan Elements in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf    "I am preoccupied with history" George observes in Act I (p. 50) of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf. But his relationship with his wife, Martha, seems to lean almost towards anthropology. Pagan social and religious elements in Albee's work seem to clarify and enhance the basic themes of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pagan trappings adorn the whole structure of the play: the prevalence of alcohol, the "goddamn Saturday night orgies" (p. 7) Martha's father throws, Martha's identification as "the only true pagan on the eastern seaboard... [who] paints blue circles [of woad?] around her things" (p. 73) or "the Earth Mother" (p. 189), or George's injunction, in Old Testament language, to "just gird your blue-veined loins, girl" (p. 205). The stage seems set for religious ritual. Even the act titles have pagan religious significance. "Fun and Games" are of course the prelude to many a religious event, even in the Christian Easter and Christmas. "Walpurgisnacht" or "St. Walburga's Night" is the evening before May Day, when Christians claim witches and nightmares are on the roam. But May Day and the evening before is also the pagan Beltaine, a day of fertility rituals as the God and Goddess bring vitality and passion to Nature -- a maypole signifies masculine fertility; the flowers about it show feminine vitality ("flores para los muertos"? (p. 195)). And "The Exorcism" is a banishment of the spirit of evil, in the sacrifice of the imaginary child who has become a scapegoat bearing all George and Martha's sins. Martha tries to wield her power like an old-style matriarch, saying "I wear the pants in this house" (p. 157) and controlling Nick as a "houseboy" (p. 1... ...avior by sweeping away its very foundation, by changing her beloved son into the pagan scapegoat who bears away all the twisted, hateful history they have both constructed around him. The pagan elements in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? strengthen the main themes and plot of Albee's play. Martha's boisterousness and sexuality make her a sort of pagan priestess, but one trapped by the myths and illusions she has constructed in her worship. But George's Latin burial service at last banishes the restless spirit who had so haunted his relationship with Martha, and it bears away much of their tortured past, making a fresh slate. Samhain has been fulfilled: the God and Goddess begin again, to build a new, more fertile relationship between themselves for the new year. Page numbers for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? are taken from the 1984 Atheneum edition.

19th Century Reviews of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Reviews of Huckleberry Finn in the late 19th Century In the 20th Century, no other book was discussed or fought over more then The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. The book has been banned and reinstated in many school systems and libraries throughout this century. Controversy over the use of the word "nigger" has been one of the biggest arguments. The fact that people are still feeling the sting and abuse from the creation of this slang word is understandable. The other problem that many people have is that Jim, the black main character, was played off as a comical, half-wit character. This didn't help much when this character was used as the icon for the early minstrel shows of the 20th Century. Both of these arguments have been used since the 50's as reasons to ban the book and never have it in any public facility. The controversy that surrounds this book has followed it wherever it goes and it's a wonder that it still is used in classrooms around the country today. The reasons above have kept this book in discussion and in circulation through out the 20th Century and probably this will continue into the 21st Century. What concerns me about most about this is that we are imposing 20th Century values on a book that was written in the 19th Century. Trying to censor this book is like trying to fight for child rights in the novel Oliver Twist. The main thing about this book that interests me is what did the critics of Mark Twain's time have to say about the novel? What concerns did they have about the book? Did they like it, hate it, and why? To commence with (as Huckleberry Finn would say), Twain at the time was a respected author and writer. When this book came out in the late 19th Century, The Civil War had been over for a few years, The Reconstruction era was ending as the country's scar were beginning to heal, and the African-Americans were going through their first trial period of being free Americans. This is the time when Huckleberry Finn came out. When critics first read the book, their reviews from what I read were mixed.

Value and Purpose of Literature

Value and Purpose of Literature Literature is expressed in varying ways, such as poetry, novels, history, biographies, and essays. Depending on which type of work you are reading, the purpose and interpretation is different as it is depending on the person that is reading it. The purpose of literature is to get a diverse set of people to read the same piece of work and comprehend it differently, but still have the same affect on them. The purpose also depends on the genre. History is a guide for the future; it helps us figure out future plans and to help us not make the same mistakes we did back then. Poetry and novels are more of an artistic way to entertain people or to get how you truly feel onto paper and see if anyone else could relate. Biographies and essays are more of an informational bit written to persuade or inform the reader of an occurring problem or of a person who is significant in the work they have accomplished. The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, is a fictional novel talking about a soldier in the Civil War that ditches the war to save his self and then feels guilty and goes back to become one of the best soldiers in his regiment. This novel was written clearly for entertaining the reader and for a little history lesson about who won the war. A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, is also a fictional novel about a young man at a school readying him for war where he finds what he is capable of. The value of literature is measured on how much the reader enjoyed the book. Reading is a pleasing way to pass the time for some people and can in many ways affect the way you live and the way you think. The value a book can have on a reader is unlimited. It can change the way people live with and influence each other, helps one understand the past and how the world has evolved, teaches a lesson that will inspire the reader to live a better life, and helps us asks questions related to the standards of a â€Å"good† life, but doesn’t always answer them. Literature is one way that humans can communicate their thoughts and feelings to one another. Though the genres, purposes, and interpretations may differ, it is a universal tool and usually affects the reader in more than one way.

Marvin Bower

The late Marvin Bower, who transformed McKinsey & Co. into one of the best management consulting firms in the world, said that the â€Å"ability to inspire and require workers to be their best is the greatest resource of any business, and that the rewards for doing so include growth for the business itself, and growth in competitive position, size, and profits† (Edersheim, 2004, p. 65). Much literature about theories of motivation and work relate to the subject of inspiring employees to do their best (Gagne and Deci, 2005; Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). This paper explores how managers can use theories of motivating employees to make the workplace better, more profitable, and efficient. A manager’s job is to get things done through their employees, so knowing how to motivate employees is always a challenge that has never been easy. Many changes driven by worldwide social and economic forces are happening at the workplace. The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s and the globalization of businesses are transforming corporations – public and private, large and small – in a radical way (Stiglitz, 2002). Global competition and the rise of democracy are pressuring companies to be more competitive, agile, and lean, changing the nature of organizational structures and the relationships between managers and workers (Micklethwait & Wooldridge, 2000). Another change agent is the progress of information and communications technology, especially the Internet and mobile computing, which has altered the nature of communication within the organization and the quality of the workforce. Workers are more educated and knowledgeable, able to gain quick access to information and perform knowledge-based tasks in an atmosphere of teamwork and collaboration (Heerwagen, Kelly, & Kampshroer, 2005). As the workplace structure and the workers themselves change, management faces the problem posed by Gerstner (2002) after a successful ten-year effort to bring IBM Corporation out of a crisis: -How do you pull the levers of motivation to change the attitudes, behavior, and thinking of a population? Of course, different people are motivated by different things. Some by money. Some by advancement. Some by recognition. For some, the most effective motivation is fear – or anger. For others, that doesn’t (sic) work; it’s learning, or the opportunity to make an impact, to see their efforts produce concrete results. Most people can be roused by the threat of extinction. And most can be inspired by a compelling vision of the future. Over the past ten years, I’ve pulled most of those levers (p. 203). Effectively changing the attitudes, behavior, and thinking of workers demands that a manager knows what levers of motivation to pull in the first place. Much research has been done to identify empirically-proven theories and methods that managers can use to motivate their employees (Gagne and Deci, 2005, p. 333). Maslow proposed that a person is motivated by satisfying five levels of human needs: (1) physiological (hunger and thirst); (2) safety (bodily); (3) social (friendship and affiliation); (4) esteem (for oneself and others); and (5) self-actualization (growth and realization of potential) (Chapman, 2004a). Herzberg stated that work satisfaction results from the presence of hygiene factors like salary, status, working conditions, supervisor and management, security, relationship with subordinates, and policies, and motivational factors like achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, and personal growth. A worker will be satisfied if the motivation factors are met (Chapman, 2004c). According to Adams’s Equity Theory, what workers put into their work (inputs) is fairly balanced with what they expect to get out of it (outputs). Motivation will get the most out of employee inputs like personal effort and hard work by making the employee see it balanced by outputs (salary, benefits, and intangibles like praise and achievement) (Chapman, 2004b). Vroom’s Expectancy Theory states that three factors should be present for motivation to take place: valence (value placed on the expected reward), expectancy (belief that efforts are linked to performance), and instrumentality (belief that performance is related to rewards). Knowing each employee’s valence and expectancy, and showing the instrumentality between the two, will help the manager trigger the motivation of the employee. Porter and Lawler built on Vroom’s theory by proposing a model of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, which states that people are intrinsically motivated if they do something they find interesting and from which they derive satisfaction, and that people are extrinsically motivated if they do the activity because they are satisfied with the tangible or verbal rewards attached (Gagne and Deci, 2005, p. 331). Schwab (1985) equates this with Herzberg’s motivation (intrinsic) and hygiene (extrinsic) factors but contemporary authors claim that it is closer to Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999, p. 257). All these theories may be said to be based on Skinner’s reinforcement theory, which states that behavior can be shaped, changed or maintained through the use of positive and negative reinforcement, implying that a person can behave in a certain way through the use of motivational levers. Motivation can be used to improve employee performance and productivity. As Bruce and Pepitone (1999, pp. 38-42) point out, employees can be motivated to do their work better, that is, improve their work performance, and to work more efficiently and more effectively, that is, improve their productivity. One way is to share information (like profit and loss or quality of service) on how your department is doing in comparison with others in or outside the company. Asking employees to help you solve a problem appeals to their need for self-actualization (Maslow) and helps them set high personal standards of growth and potential. You may motivate them with bonuses (Vroom’s rewards or Adams’s outputs) they will get if performance improves.   Use the tools depending on what you think your employees need. This first step can make your employees want to improve their performance and be more productive. Getting employees warmed up is good, but it is not enough. After getting them initially motivated, the manager has to help each one establish and achieve higher goals. Motivation can be a useful tool in goal-setting by pointing out targets that will bring employees out of their comfort zones to attain personal growth. Hiam (1999, pp. 213-216), warning us against confusing goal-setting sessions with employee manipulation, states that the motivational key is to make employee realize that aiming for a higher goal is good for different reasons, presenting both tangible (pay raise and bonus) and intangible (self-esteem and personal growth) rewards. Some employees are motivated by financial rewards, but many are equally motivated by seeing that their work is meaningful (Hiam, 1999, p. 222). In discussing the rewards of work, Bruce and Pepitone (1999, p.53) state that if employees are properly motivated and helped by their managers to aim for higher goals and succeed in achieving it, employees will feel that the work they do is fun and enjoyable, making it part of the reward itself that they are willing to share with the organization.   In effect, work becomes its own reward. Heller (1998, p.43) adds that motivation is a useful tool not only when setting higher work performance goals but in assessing the success or failure of employee efforts. Employee evaluation and assessment can be a forum for further motivation in two areas: to encourage the employee to build on strengths and accomplishments, leading the way for higher levels of future performance, or for helping the employee overcome personal weaknesses that hamper job performance. Through the use of positive reinforcement (praise and encouragement for success and achievement) and negative reinforcement (suggestions for improvement or behavioral change), managers can sustain organizational morale and help employees overcome falling enthusiasm or a lack of personal ambition. Hiam (1999, p. 122) notes that positive feedback (â€Å"You can do it because you’re good enough †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) is more motivating than negative feedback (â€Å"Why can’t you do something that others can?†) and encourages managers to use positive reinforcement to build up employee motivation and morale, although negative reinforcement (not the same as negative feedback) may be helpful for disciplining or correcting employees. Boosting self-confidence is one of the best ways to maintain high levels of motivation in employees (Bruce & Pepitone, 1999, p. 114). The reason is that people grow in confidence when they see that someone, especially one in a position of authority, believes in them. This creates expectations that, as we learn from Vroom and Porter, motivate people. Therefore, a manager who believes in his employees can sustain high levels of motivation. Doing the opposite (showing lack of confidence and trust) can be fatal for the organization and the career of a manager whose task is to motivate and, therefore, trust and believe in his employees. It is a scientifically-proven fact that men and women are different (Ridley, 1999). They differ also in their motivation styles. Several studies (Su and Bradberry, 2004; Marano, 2003; Sachs, 1995) show how women and men differ (for example, women are more intuitive and perceptive, while men are more systematic and rules-based) in their communication and social skills, vital for the process of motivation. While men find it easier to motivate using the basic needs and tangible rewards, and women may be better at using higher level needs and intangible factors, all good managers, regardless of gender, should combine the ability to motivate using all the tools available (Gerstner, 2002; Sachs, 1995). References Ambrose, M. L. & Kulik, C. T. (1999). Old friends, new faces: motivation research in the 1990s.   Journal of Management. 25, 231-292. Bruce, A. and Pepitone, J. (1999).   Motivating Employees.   New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapman, A.   (2004a).   Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.   Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm Chapman, A. (2004b).   Adams’ Equity Theory. Retrieved November 11, 2005, from   http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Chapman, A.   (2004c).   Frederick Herzberg’s Motivational Theory. Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.businessballs.com/herzberg.htm Edersheim, E. H.   (2004).   McKinsey’s Marvin Bower.   Vision, Leadership, and the Creation of Management Consulting.   (pp. 41-65).   New Jersey: John Wiley. Gagne, M. and Deci, E.L. (2005).   Self-determination theory and work motivation.   Journal of Organizational Behavior.   26, 331-362. Retrieved November Gerstner, L. V. Jr. (2002).   Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance?   (p. 203). New York: HarperCollins. Heerwagen, J., Kelly, K., and Kampshroer, K. (2005).   The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace. National Institute of Building Sciences.   Retrieved November 12, 2005, from http://www.wbdg.org/design/chngorgwork.php Heller, R. (1998).   Essential Managers: Motivating People. (1st American ed.)   D. Tombesi-Walton (Ed.). New York: DK. Hiam, A. (1999).   Streetwise Motivating and Rewarding Employees.   Holbrook, MA: Adams. Marano, H. E. (July-August 2003). The New Sex Scorecard. Psychology Today.   Retrieved November 15, 2005, from http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-2832.html Micklethwait, J. and Wooldridge, A.   (2000).   A Future Perfect.   The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalization. (pp. 122-139). New York: Crown. Ridley, M. (1999).   Genome, The autobiography of a species in 23 chapters. (pp. 216-218). New York: HarperCollins. Sachs, M. (1995). Men and women communication styles. Retrieved November 14, 2005, from http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5280.html Schwab, D. P. (1985).   Motivation in Organizations.   In L. R. Bittel and J. E. Ramsey (Eds.), Handbook for Professional Managers. (p. 585).   New York: McGraw-Hill. Stiglitz, J. E.   (2002).   Globalization and its Discontents.   (pp. 21-22). London: Penguin. Su, L. D. and Bradberry, T. (2004).   EQ and Gender: Women Feel Smarter.   Retrieved November 15, 2005, from   https://www.talentsmart.com/media/uploads/EQ_and_Gender.pdf Wikipedia (2005).   Retrieved November 12, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/   

Amelia

AMELIA ROGERS AT TASSANI COMMUNICATION TASSANI COMMUNICATIONS Tassani communication was found by sally Tassani in 1980. it was Chicago based company and started to provide advertising , public relations , direct marketing , sales promotions and graphic desing. Tassani communication was different from other traditional advertising agency. according to sally tasani ; advertising wasn’t more valuable than public relations , sals promotions or direct marketing . according to her it was just a true position in 1990s . n 1984 ,tassani communication recognized the fastest growing company in the united states . sally tassani hired jim paglia who had worked in a large companies and he was very experienced person . after he started to work attassani communication, he introduced eight step process. Both Sally Tassani and Jim paglia believed that the most profitable competitors maintained a balanced portfolio of accounts which is based on clienst. According to one executive person; sally and paglia were very smart ,bright and good at what they were doing. im paglia was very good to understand what clients need and sally was good at motivation and cares about business . sally was more maternal and wants to reward employees jim is tougher . according to this employee jim and sally was completely different in style but they have the same vision. Economic cris effected companies move. Tassani communication was forced logoff because of clients budgets when economy started to recover.. tassani communication’s goal was 25$ million billing to 35$ million in te next year . fter this move sally tassani and jim paglia divided their position in the company. sally tassani became ceo and president ,paglia as the executive vice president and chief operator. In economic depression in 1991 they had to let go many loyal employees . she described this situation that tassani communication reacted a part at which they needed people with a sophistication about their business. she thought that company needed people to manage their †¦. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND THE CREATIVE PROCESSTassani communiation organized to be flat organization to support the integrated philosophy. Each department in the agency was operated as a separate profit center. How is the creative process: Creative process with clients would began ally Tassani or director brought account to the agency. Account director advises to creative director and creative director begin brain storming with the †¦. after all these process ideas goes to paglia and he choose the best one.

Reaction Paper of the movie Les Miserables (1998) Essay

The movie is a potent social document of poverty, ignorance, and brutality of man by Victor Hugo. Les Miserables is also a rousing adventure of the hapless victim of French society – Jean Valjean, and his valiant struggle to redeem his past. The movie had been so well done. The actors and actresses had played their part and portrayed the characters in a way that the audience could really relate to. It was shorter than the adaptation of 2012 Les Miserables but the characters gave justice to their role. In addition, I prefer the 1998 adaptation than of the latest. Les Miserables is a story that portrays of the heroic life of a simple and good man in the person of Jean Valjean. He is a very memorable character who is morally upright but guilty of certain thefts for which he feels remorse. To avoid capture and life sentence, he assumes the identity of Monsieur Madeliene, soon becoming the mayor of the small town he has adopted. It is a very beautiful story packed with excitement. You will always try to think what would happen to the characters as they ventured into new frontiers. It talks about man’s struggle to escape the past and reaffirm his humanity in a society where in poverty and ignorance prevails. Aside from being a superb adventure, it can also be considered as a powerful social document. It shows the inhumane treatment of the convicts and ex-convicts. It also shows how a man can be redeemed by accepting suffering, and by following the dictates of his conscience even if it entails suffering and ostracism from many people. It also talks about the man’s struggle for existence in the case of the principal character, Jean Valjean as he tried to forget the past and go on with his life. He is such a remarkable character distinct to other people we met in our daily undertakings. He’s exceptional and one of a kind. It dwells with the supernatural power of love, the love to give up one’s freedom for the sake of justice. It is also quite romantic especially on the part of the love affair of Marius and Cosette that tickles your bones. However, it is more on being a melodrama that let your heart cry out especially on the ending part when Jean was willing to sacrifice his freedom for the happiness and peace of mind of his adopted daughter Cosette. On the other hand, I don’t like the part where Cosette fell in love to Marius on a short span of time. Marius was the big disappointment. He came across as a wimp. It had to be Cosette’s lack of knowledge that attracted her to him. She could have done so much better. I don’t feel that anyone, with the exception of Fantine, was portrayed as well as possible. There were times that I should have been brought to tears, and I wasn’t. Another memorable character is Javert, the inspector who always followed Jean in the hope of capturing him. He is very much obsessed about it that leads to his death in his own hands. He can’t accept that he who is trying to inflict harm to a person was saved by the same person. I admire his courage to admit that his father was a thief and his mother was a prostitute helps me understand more fully his reactions to Valjean, Fantine, and Cosette. My favorite scenes? Valjean’s last moment with Marius and Cosette – who among us have not lost a loved one, ever? I’m sure everyone can relate. I also like the part when Valjean was willing to do everything just to protect Cosette. It stirred me deep inside because knowing that he’s not her biological father and yet he’s willing to risk everything for the happiness of his adopted daughter. It reminds me of my father on the other way ‘round. Gavroche’s parts – the kid was awesome too. He deserves to have another movie!  This film teaches us many things. Such as we can’t escape our conscience. Even if we have successfully hidden our secrets in the form of misdeeds in the past, it will continue to haunt us until we face it and divulge it in public. Such was the case of Jean. It opens our eyes about the reality in our society we belong where there are lots of injustices, discriminations and the like. It also tells us not to judge the book by its cover in the case of Marius. We should not let pass any judgment over anybody because that person might have a golden heart hidden within him. We should also put in mind that if there is life, there is hope. No matter how messy our past had come, we could still make amends to it and make our lives better. Jean is a great example of such thing; he succeeded to become a mayor in a town despite his dark past. Life is difficult but it is in difficulty that we can  appreciate its meaning. The miserable character of Jean in the movie teaches us the reality in life. Nevertheless, the bottom line is â€Å"It does not matter how many heartaches, sufferings and pains we encountered in life as long as we have loved and we have been loved.

Book Review over Failure is not an Option by Alan M. Blankstein Essay

Book Review over Failure is not an Option by Alan M. Blankstein - Essay Example Alan M. Blankstein has made use of different case studies and vignettes so as to ensure there is enough room for maneuvering the topic and to bring industry insights into the equation nonetheless. On his part, he has also guaranteed the use of significant resources which provide for the practical solutions in the wake of the underlying challenges and problems that may so arise from time to time. Effective school reforms are credited to be made successful only if there is leadership within the school regime and complete interaction at the level of professional learning communities. Thus the two form at the hub of effective school platforms for the basis of reforms and thus in all essence, puts forward six different perspectives or more commonly known as the guiding basis which help and facilitate their due role at creating and eventually maintaining the high performing schools. The six principles comprise of a common mission with attached vision, values, goals and objectives. Secondly, there is emphasis on the fact that there must be a definitive system for prevention as well as intervention at all times. Then there is the need for forming up collaborative teams so that the same could enable teaching and learning no matter what level the high performing schools are, within their respective domains. Another principle is to have data driven decision making within the relevant quarters as well as continuous improvement throughout the whole system. Active engagement and proper role of family as well as that of community is indeed of much significance here and the final point is in building up of sustainable capacity which could play its due part in the wake of leadership no matter how trying or difficult the circumstances are. These six principles thus form the core basis for students who can achieve just about anything which comes under the heading of success in the

Compare and Contrast Speech treatment of dysarthria Research Paper

Compare and Contrast Speech treatment of dysarthria - Research Paper Example Behavioral methods that endeavor to enhance speech precision comprise the volume of intervention strategies for this population, as the dysarthria does not often respond dynamically to medical interventions; although a variety of cases and group studies commonly maintain the eï ¬Æ'ciency of behavioral treatment, much work continues to ascertain a rigorous evidence base (Lansford et al., 2011). Four research articles specifically, Articulatory Deficits in Parkinsonian Dysarthria: an Acoustic Analysis (Ackermann & Ziegler, 1991), Deep Brain Stimulation of Caudal Zona Incerta and Subthalamic Nucleus in Patients with Parkinson’s disease: Effects on Diadochokinetic Rate (Karlsson et al., 2011), Effect of LSVT on Lexical Tone in Speakers with Parkinson’s disease (Whitehill et al., 2011) and A Cognitive-Perceptual Approach to Conceptualizing Speech Intelligibility Deficits and Remediation Practice in Hypokinetic Dysarthria (Lansford et al., 2011), conferred speech treatment t echniques for dysarthria. Ackermann and Ziegler (1991) performed an acoustic speech analysis of sentence utterances to provide information on speech tempo and accuracy of articulation. Conversely, in the research article of Karlsson et al. (2011), the authors on the effects of Deep Brain Stimulation to the Diadochokinetic Rate of patients with dysarthria suffering from Parkinson’s disease. On the contrary, Whitehill et al. (2011) tackled in detail the treatment modality known as Lee Silverman Voice Treatment or LSVT and its benefits and consequences for patients with dysarthria. In contrast, Lansford et al. (2011) gave emphasis on conceptualizing and justifying potential targets for speech remediation. This paper aspires to tackle the different research articles mentioned and to analyze the similarities and divergences of the treatment modalities for dysarthria encompassed in the cited research articles. The study entitled, Articulatory Deficits in Parkinsonian Dysarthria: an Acoustic