To What Extent Should College Athletes Be Paid or Not

A hot topic that people have been analyzing lately is whether college athletes should be paid or not. There have been convincing facts from both sides on whether these college athletes should receive pay while in school performing at their specific athletic event. There has been considerable controversy over the past years on whether or not National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes should be paid or not. Fans, players, and the board of the NCAA all have their separate beliefs on why or why not the athletes should be paid. These young athletes work their hardest on the fields and attract millions of fans and think money fans pay to watch them perform, can go to them. The University of Alabama made approximately $124 Million dollars in operating revenue in 2008. Based upon those statistics, you can see that athletes have a reasonable argument of why they should be paid a salary when the school is able to afford to do so. While one side believes they should be paid, anot her side believes they shouldn’t be paid because instead of receiving pay, that possible salary is substituted with a scholarship and education. If the athlete has kids and a family, the athlete should be given a salary to support them. As a college athlete, you have the opportunity to make a life for yourself and create your own family. You have the legal ability to start a family and have kids of your own. What holds those athletes back is doing what they do best and putting their oneShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1275 Words   |  6 PagesCollege athletics have amounted to enormous popularity among Americans over the past few decades. This has resulted into increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the participating colleges, which has started the debate of whether college athletes should be rewarded beyond their athletic scholarships. This paper will attempt to answer the question as to whether college athletes shoul d be paid by explaining some pros and cons of this subject. Athletes form theRead MoreCollege Athletics Is A Major Part Of PeopleS Lives Around1364 Words   |  6 PagesCollege athletics is a major part of people s lives around the world. From the athletes playing the various sports to the fans watching from their televisions it has become a huge thing. A portion of these people seem to think that the athletes deserve more then what is already given to them. A question has been brought up and debated on whether or not these athletes should be paid to play. College athletes are hard working young adults trying to earn a degree at whichever school they have chosenRead MorePaying College Athletes1455 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to college athletics, there always will be a problem that arises. It is one of the most controversial topics there is. One of the main issues within athletics is the idea of whether to pay college athletes or not. Several studies have been done along with articles from various sources. This has been on the rise especially since â€Å"March Madness† is coming up. â€Å"March Madness† may only consist of three weekends, however, an 11 billion dollar deal is made to televise the games (Wilbon).Read MoreIssues Over Paying College Athletes1359 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, the issue of paying college athletes has come to the forefront. There is an entire market for college sports and the associations that oversee these college teams, the ones that broadcast their games on television, and the sponsors that support them make a huge profit. This brings the question, why aren’t the students who are giving their time to these sports being paid? There seems to be a misconception that college athletes aren’t being paid and that is wrong. Just in Florida, toRead MoreResearch Paper On College Athletes1387 Words   |  6 Pages Many Colleges have won big sports competitions and got a lot of revenue from winning those competitions. March Madness - with, biggest college tournament in the country. If you win March Madness you win a bundle of money and because youre in it you produce money from tv rights, talking billions of dollars. These players make the college they play for a lot of money. College players putting in all their heart to win while still studying and focusing on their education, the players not sleepingRead MoreIs College Athletes Get Paid?1613 Words   |  7 Pages2 4/20/2015 Is It Time For College Athletes To Get Paid? The concept of college athletes getting paid has been around since college athletics have existed. One might ask why the athletes should get paid if they already have free tuition. The revenue that certain athletes bring to a university can be a substantial amount, beyond that of just a scholarship in some cases. Debated by many and taken action by few, giving the right of receiving benefits to a college athlete has made little progress. Read MoreShould College Athlete Be Paid?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesbig question surrounding the college athletic industry is if college athletes should get paid for the participation in the sport. It has recently over the past few years been brought up as a huge topic in college athletics, a lot of people have their views in if they should or shouldn’t. The big picture everyone has to look at and get an understanding to be the economic aspect of it. There are a lot of factors that people fail to realize that involve paying these athletes suc h as the supply, demandRead MoreWhy Should College Athletes Get Paid1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthat professionals get paid for the revenue that they bring in while NCAA athletes do not. It is time for change, college athletes should be monetarily compensated because they are the ones who have made the NCAA profitable for many years. The idea of college athletes getting paid has been at the center of the sports world because there are a variety of opinions surrounding this topic. Raymond G. Schneider pointed out that some agree with the idea of athletes getting paid because coaches are allowedRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1385 Words   |  6 PagesStates college athletes are forced into debt due to busy athletic requirements on top of standard coursework. A great percentage of athletes finish their athletic career without even graduating college with a degree. These athletes are a huge marketing tool for this universities, from the sales of their jerseys, to using their talent to showcase their brand/logo on television, and also making millions of dollars off of contracts with television networks. Because of this I believe college athletes shouldRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides competitive sport as popular as the professionals. In fact, its annual rev enue makes that point clear. College football and basketball generate more than the National Basketball Association, a total of more than $6 billion yearly.[1] There is one major difference between the two associations, however. NBA players get paid for the revenue they help bring in, while NCAA athletes receive no monetary compensation. The promise of a free education is not enough anymore if the NCAA wants to act

Flexible Working Free Essays

Working in a small charity organization of about 35 employees, flexible irking has come up multiple times as an issue that needs to be addressed both from an employee and employer point of view. Living in times where we as a society work longer hours and have even more demanding personal lives, employees feel there needs to be a lot more flexibility in terms of working patterns offered to all employees regardless of whether they have children or not. From an organizational point of view, flexible working is seen as not very practical financially for a business of Walk the Walks size. We will write a custom essay sample on Flexible Working or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also there seems appears to be a general misconception on how practical it will be to implement In this report my aim is to look at the positive and negative impacts of flexible working. Will also prove that there is a positive relationship between flexible working and individual performance and propose a solution that works for both the Walk the Walk as well as the employees. Methods Main page Flexible working and performance -? positive relationship between flexible working and individual performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How to cite Flexible Working, Papers

Journal Of Scientific Research Publications-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Scientific Research Publications? Answer: Introduction In every business organizations all over the world, the concept of marketing strategy is highly regarded. Marketing strategy refers to the method or technique to design the plan of action for the promotion and selling of the business products and services (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). At the time of the development of business strategies, organizational manager need to consider all the major principles of marketing (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). At the same time, it is needed to measure the effects of various internal and external environmental factors on the business organizations (Peppard Ward, 2016). This particular report takes an honest attempt to analyze and evaluate various marketing strategic aspects of Honda Motors in Singapore. Honda is one of the largest multinational conglomerate corporations that involves in the manufacturing of automobiles, motorcycles, aircrafts and various power equipments. Since the year 1959, Honda has been the worlds largest motorcycle corpor ations along with the worlds largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines. Honda was established in the year of 1946 and commenced their business in 1948. The company is based on Tokyo, Japan. There are some major products of Honda; they are automobiles, commercial vehicles, luxury vehicles, motorcycles, scooters, electric generators, water pumps, tillers, outboard motors, robotics, jet aircraft, jet engines, lawn equipments, garden equipments and others. The whole analysis of this report is based on operations of Honda in Singapore as Honda has a large and effective market in Singapore (honda.com.sg, 2017). Internal Analysis For the analysis of the business organizations, one cannot ignore the importance of Internal or Microanalysis. Internal analysis helps in the process to identify or evaluate the specific characteristic of the business organizations. One of the major parts of the internal analysis is the analysis of competitors. This fact does not have any exception in case of Honda Cars in Singapore. In the Singapore market, it can be seen that there are some major competitors of Honda cars. The major reason of the presence of so many car companies in Singapore is the growth opportunity of this market. The business friendly Singapore market provides all these companies with excellent growth opportunities. The major competitors of Honda cars in Singapore are Chevrolet, Toyota Motor Corporation, Nissan Motors, Hyundai Motors, Fiat, Mitsubishi, Maruti Suzuki, Tata Motors, Skoda Auto, Volkswagen and Ford Motor Company. Thus, it can be seen that in the market of Singapore, Honda cars have to face tremendo us competition from all these above-mentioned companies. In the Singapore car market, it can be seen there are massive competitions among the companies regarding the same rival model. This aspect is also applicable for Honda cars. In this case, the example of Toyota Wish vs. Honda Jade RS can be mentioned in this report (cnet.com, 2017). Both the car models are under the model of Compact MPV that is between the model of MPV and a sedan. Under this car model, Toyota is giving Honda a tough competition. Both the models of Honda and Toyota are almost same as they are the rival models of each other. In addition, the price and features of both the modes are almost same. Thus, from this discussion, it can be seen that in this particular model, Honda is getting tough competitions from Toyota. Another instance of market rivalry can be established with the example of Honda Civic vs. Hyundai Elantra vs. Toyota Corolla. All these cars come under the model of midsize sedan. From the above example, it needs to be mentioned that all these three car models almost have the same features and they come in almost same price range. Thus, from this whole discussion, it can be seen that the car companies in Singapore are giving tou gh competitions to Honda cars in every model of cars. Looking at the nature of competition in the Singapore car market, it can be said that the degree of competition is high (carsomesg.com, 2017). PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis plays an important for the determination of the effects of external environmental factors on the business organizations. In this report, it is needed to analyze various external factors of Singapore on the operations of Honda. The PESTEL analysis is done below: Political Factors: As per the Political and Economic Risk consultancy (PERC), the political risk is lowest in Singapore among all the countries of the continent. This is major boost for the business of Honda as stable political condition of the countries helps to set up the base of any business. Some of the crucial political laws of Singapore are recruitment law, trade laws and others (Shende, 2014). Economic Factors: The exchange rates between Singapore and Japan do not remain same as it fluctuates. This aspect affects the price of Honda cars in Singapore. In the recent years, the disposal income of the people of Singapore has increased because of good economic condition of the country. This aspect helps to increase the sales of Honda cars in the country (Markan, 2015). Social Factors: Major social factors in Singapore for Honda cars are the cultural and demographical aspects of the external environment. The introduction of new eco-friend cars by Honda has been hugely successful in touching the sentiments of the people of Singapore. In addition, the Honda cars in Singapore are less expensive when compared to other companies. Technological Factors: As per the development of technology in Singapore, people of Singapore stated relaying on the GPS technology for the navigation purpose. For this reason, Honda introduced the system of satellite navigation in their cars. In addition, with the help of advanced technology, Honda is working on in the introduction of fuel economy cars (Markan, 2015). Environmental Factors: It can be seen that Honda has been using advanced technologies in order to bring improvements in their cars. Thus, the efficient engines of Honda cars have been able to provide solution for heated engine so that the amount of carbon emission can be reduced in Singapore. In addition, the eco-friendly cars of Honda have been a major initiative from the companys end to reduce the effects of global warming. Legal Factors: Different kinds of environmental oriented legislations are affecting the production of Honda cars. For this reason, it is necessary for Honda to concentrate on the pricing policy of the company. Other laws affecting the business operations of Honda are fair wages regulation, workplace health, safety, and others (Markan, 2015). SWOT Analysis Strengths In the market of Singapore, the manufacturing of high quality of car engines has been the major strength of Honda. The existence of a highly developed research and development section is one of the major reasons of Hondas success. Honda has a large product portfolio. The portfolio of Honda includes at least humored types of cars. This is a major strength of Honda as it helps the company to increase its revenues. The use of advanced technologies has been one of the most crucial strengths in Singapore. The combination of total portfolio of Honda shows the technologically strong side of the company (Raslavi?ius et al., 2015). Weaknesses As per the earlier discussion, it can be seen that Honda has a well-developed and improved research and development section that contributes to the sauces of the company, However, Honda has to bear a high amount of running costs for this particular research and development department. This aspect contributes to the high price of the Honda cars. This is a major weakness of Honda. In the recent years in Singapore, it can be seen that Honda has reduced the amount of investment in their research and development purposes. For this reason, in the recent years, Honda has not been able to introduce major innovative products in the Singapore market. This is another weakness of Honda. It can be observed that in Singapore, Honda cars are majorly for upper class people. Thus, the middle and lower class people cannot afford the Honda cars. This can be considered as the weakness of Honda (Chen Kodono, 2012). Opportunities The economic condition of Singapore has increased the disposal income and buying capacity of the people of Singapore. Thus, Honda has the perfect6 opportunity to boost its profitability with the help of selling more number of shares. The reduction in the fuel price in Singapore is encouraging people to buy automobile. Thus, Honda has the perfect opportunity to capitalize on this aspect to increase their opportunities (Chen Kodono, 2012). Threats Increase competition in the Singapore car market is the major threat for Honda. Due to increase competition, Honda has the chance to lose its existing market share. High fluctuation in the exchange rates is creating threat for Honda as it has been affecting the prices of Honda cars in Singapore. Increased car price can lead to drop in sales. Marketing Strategy For the analysis of the marketing strategy of Honda in Singapore, S.T.D.P approach is most useful. The S.T.D.P approach helps to analysis four major strategic aspects; they are Segmentation, Targeting, Differentiation and Positioning. The S.T.D.P analysis for Honda is done below: Figure 1: S.T.D.P Elements (Source: Hollensen, 2015) Segmentation Strategy: In Singapore, Honda has implemented the strategy of segmentation to divide the market into small segments. Honda cars like Honda Civic, Honda Jade RS, Honda City and others have been developed to cater to the needs of business executives and families. On the other hand, Honda cars like Supra, Vario and Tiger are for the teenagers, household people and females (Hollensen, 2015). Targeting Strategy: In Singapore, the major target segment of Honda for its cars is family. It needs to be mentioned that most of the cars of Honda have been developed for the accommodation of a family. For this reason, Honda has targeted family people to sell their most number of cars. In this way, Honda has targeted the Singapore market (Wirtz, 2012). Differentiation Strategy: As per earlier discussion, it can be seen that Honda has an excellent research and development section. With the help of this research and development section, Honda has been able to bring cars in the Singapore market that are different from its competitors. The introductions of eco friendly cars, advanced navigation system are the major differentiators of Honda cars (Hollensen, 2015). Positioning Strategy: In the positioning strategy, Honda put emphasis on the quality of their products as it will help to serve the needs of their customers. In addition, Honda has an insight op expanding in the new market. This is one of the major positioning strategy of Honda. One of the major positioning strategy of Honda is that the business operations and products of Honda are very much friendly to the environment. With the help of all these strategies, Honda uses to position themselves in front of their close competitors like Toyota, Ford and others (Wirtz, 2012). Recommendations: Thus, based on the above analysis, it can be seen that on the overall basis, Honda has an effective and efficient marketing strategy where the company has segmented the total market in small segments so that they can better serve the people of Singapore. In addition, the targeting strategy of Honda is an effective one. Moreover, Honda has been coming up with innovative products that have been helping the company in better positioning their cars. It is recommended that Honda needs to develop their positioning strategy in a more accurate ways so that they can reach too many people in Singapore. It is recommended that Honda needs to include more unique features in their cars so that they can attract more number of customers towards their products. Marketing Mix The four Ps of Marketing Mix are Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The marketing mix of Honda is done below: Product: In case of product analysis, it needs to be mentioned that the looks of all the Honda cars are stunning. In other words, the outstanding design of the Honda cars have been able to provides the company with necessary competitive advantage. In addition, the interiors of all the model of cars are excellent as well. In case of engine, the high quality of engines is the unique selling points of Honda (Tapp Spotswood, 2013). Price: It needs to be mentioned that the price of the Honda cars is much higher than that of other cars in the same segment. With the help of this pricing strategy, Honda has been able to target the major customer segments. However, Honda needs to reconsider their pricing strategy in order to make their cars available for all class of customers. Place: In this discussion, it needs to be mentioned that Honda has been able to deliver their products to the right places of their customers. In case of Singapore market, it can be seen that Honda has been able to reach every place of Singapore to cater to the needs of Singapore people. It implies that Honda has an effective strategy regarding place in the marketing mix (Khan, 2014). Promotion: Honda is well known all over the world for their promotional strategy. In this regard, it needs to be mentioned that Honda is also well known all over the world for their quality and innovation. For the Singapore market, Honda never adopted the strategy of aggressive promotion. In this market, the aim of Honda is to create a brand by satisfying the needs of the customers. For the Singapore market, Honda has adopted the strategy of print media promotion. In this promotional process, Honda has been giving advertisements in various magazines and the national newspapers. Recommendations: Thus, based on the above discussion, some recommendations are provided below: It is recommended that Honda need to reconsider their pricing policies and they need to develop the price of their cars in such a way so that the people from all financial class can buy Honda cars. It is recommended that Honda needs to develop aggressive promotional strategy so that they can reach to all the people of Singapore. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are many internal as well as external environmental factors that have their effects on the business of Honda in Singapore. From the competitors analysis, it can be seen that the car industry of Singapore is full of competitors and thus, Honda has to face many competitions from car companies like Ford, Toyota and others. PESTEL analysis states that the stable political condition of Singapore helps the business of Honda in Singapore. In addition, the good economic condition of Singapore is also a booster for the business of Honda in Singapore. As per the SWOT analysis, it can be seen that the quality of engine is the major strength of Honda. However, the high price of Honda cars is major weakness of the company. The above figure is considered as the Product Life Cycle graph where each level represents the each lifecycle of the products. Based on the above graph, it can be seen that Honda is in the growth stage of its life cycle as the company is growing and the cars of Honda have huge demand in the Singapore market. References ?Rivals: Honda Civic vs. Hyundai Elantra vs. Toyota Corolla - Roadshow. (2017).Roadshow. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/rivals-honda-civic-vs-hyundai-elantra-vs-toyota-corolla/ Chen, F., Kodono, Y. (2012, November). SWOT analysis and five competitive forces of Chery automobile company. InSoft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS), 2012 Joint 6th International Conference on(pp. 1959-1962). IEEE. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Honda. (2017).Honda.com.sg. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.honda.com.sg/ Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).Internal Analysis5. Markan, R. (2015). Perception of Indians egarding Comfort Level in Different Car-Sizes.International Journal of Trend in Research and Development,2(5). Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Raslavi?ius, L., Azzopardi, B., Kerys, A., Starevi?ius, M., Bazaras, Ã… ½., Makaras, R. (2015). Electric vehicles challenges and opportunities: Lithuanian review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,42, 786-800. Shende, V. (2014). Analysis of research in consumer behavior of automobile passenger car customer.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(2), 1. Tapp, A., Spotswood, F. (2013). From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix.Journal of Social Marketing,3(3), 206-222. Toyota Wish vs Honda Jade RS: The Best Urban Hauler. (2017).Carsome. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.carsomesg.com/news/item/Toyota-Wish-vs-Honda-Jade-RS-The-Best-Urban-Hauler Wirtz, J. (2012).Essentials of services marketing. FT Pres

The Forces that Motivate Behavior Hard Determinis Essays

The Forces that Motivate Behavior: Hard Determinism Vs. Free Will Cheyenne Tuggle and Gina Campagnini The University of Valley Forge PSY 313 1.Hard Determinism: Gina Defining Determinism A simple definition of determinism is that it is the theory that all events are caused and therefore can be predicted. It is a simple cause and effect relationship only it is applied to human behavior. Therefore, making moral responsibility meaningless. A more specific definition is a definition of hard determinism; "Human behavior is completely determined by various factors outside the person" (Sappington, A. 1990). This is also known as environmental determinism (McLeod, S. 2013) and still supports the idea that moral behavior is meaningless. Let's look at an example of a man who grew up in a low income home, surrounded by drugs and crime, it can be predicted that he will commit some kind of crime. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) The first person that is going to be address is B.F. Skinner, he is a well known advocate for determinism (McLeod, S. 2013). Some back ground information is that Skinner received his BA in English from Hamilton College because his first desire was to pursue writing as a career. Later Skinner received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and stayed there to do research until 1936 (Hall, W. 2017). For a while Skinner did pursue his first passion as a writer but failed in this career after his poetry and short stories resorted to newspaper articles. Since this writing career was not a success and after he received his Ph. D. he began to teach at University of Minnesota in 1936 and in 1945 became the chairman at Indiana University for Psychology. Shortly after becoming the chairman of Indiana he was invited back to Harvard where he stayed until his retirement in 1975 (Hall, W. 2017). Someone Skinner was influenced by was John B. Watson's philosophy of psychology called behaviorism (Clarik, K. 1998). Every notion of internal factors such as the mind was pushed aside and focused on the idea that the "goal of scientific psychology is to predict and control an organisms' behavior" (Hall, W. 2107). B. F. Skinner died in 1990 from Leukemia and became one of the most celebrated psychologists after Sigmund Freud (McLeod, S. 2015). Radical Behaviorism Radical Behaviorism "Argued that people's behavior is determined by their reinforcement histories; they behave as their reinforcement histories have programmed them to behave." (Sappington, A. 1990). Meaning that every behavior is an individual is determined based off the pattern of reinforcements and punishments in an individual's life (Craik, K. 1998). Operant Conditioning (Law and Effect-Reinforcement) One of Skinners well known theories is called Operant Conditioning which is intentional actions that have affects on the environment around them (McLeod, S. 2015). Operant Conditioning goes hand in hand with Skinner's theory of the Law-and-Effect- Reinforcement. Which can be defined as "Behavior which is reinforced, tends to be repeated" (McLeod, S. 2015). There are three types of respinses, the first is; Neutral Operant which are responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. The second are Reinforces which are responses from the environment that increases the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforces can either be positive or negative (McLeod, S. 2105). A positive reinforce can be exemplified through Skinner's invention of the "Skinner's box". This box is an invention that helps reinforce pigeons to preform a certain behavior to receive food such as turning in 360-degree circle to the left, reading, or even pecking a certain point on the box. When the behavior was preformed the pigeon was given access to food and in order to receive more they would have to repeat their behavior. An example of a negative reinforce is to avoid being fired from a job, the person will have to get up on time to go to work. In other words a negative reinforce is the removal of an unpleasant reinforcement by something else that is looked at as a negative. The last response is a punisher which is a response from the environment that weakens behavior, it only tells you what not to do. Punished behavior isn't forgotten its suppressed and can cause aggression, fear, anxiety and so forth. When the punishment is

Discussion and Examples of Expectation States Theory

Discussion and Examples of Expectation States Theory Expectation states theory is an approach to understanding how people evaluate other people’s competence in small task groups and the amount of credibility and influence they give them as a result. Central to the theory is the idea that we evaluate people based on two criteria. The first criterion is specific skills and abilities that are relevant to the task at hand, such as prior experience or training. The second criterion is composed of status characteristics such as gender, age, race, education, and physical attractiveness, that encourage people to believe that someone will be superior to others, even though those characteristics play no role in the work of the group. Overview of Expectation States Theory Expectation states theory was developed by American sociologist and social psychologist Joseph Berger, along with his colleagues, in the early 1970s. Based on social psychological experiments, Berger and his colleagues first published a paper on the topic in 1972 in the American Sociological Review, titled Status Characteristics and Social Interaction. Their theory offers an explanation for why social hierarchies emerge in small, task-oriented groups. According to the theory, both known information and implicit assumptions based on certain characteristics lead to a person developing an assessment of anothers abilities, skills, and value. When this combination is favorable, we will have a positive view of their ability to contribute to the task at hand. When the combination is less than favorable or poor, we will have a negative view of their ability to contribute. Within a group setting, this results in a hierarchy forming in which some are seen as more valuable and important than others. The higher or lower a person is on the hierarchy, the higher or lower his or her level of esteem and influence within the group will be. Berger and his colleagues theorized that while an assessment of relevant experience and expertise is a part of this process, in the end, the formation of a hierarchy within the group is most strongly influenced by the effect of social cues on the assumptions that we make about others. The assumptions we make about people - especially who we dont know very well or with whom we have limited experience - are largely based on social cues that are often guided by stereotypes of race, gender, age, class, and looks. Because this happens, people who are already privileged in society in terms of social status end up being favorably assessed within small groups, and those who experience disadvantages due to these characteristics will be negatively assessed. Of course, its not just visual cues that shape this process, but also how we comport ourselves, speak, and interact with others. In other words, what sociologists call cultural capital makes some appear more valuable and others less so. Why Expectation States Theory Matters Sociologist Cecilia Ridgeway has pointed out in a paper titled Why Status Matters for Inequality  that as these trends perpetuate over time, they lead to certain groups having  more influence and power than others. This makes members of higher status groups appear to be right and worthy of trust, which encourages those in lower status groups and people in general to trust them and to go along with their way of doing things. What this means is that social status hierarchies, and the inequalities of race, class, gender, age, and others that go along with them, are fostered and perpetuated by what happens in small group interactions. This theory seems to bear out in the wealth and income disparities between white people and people of color, and between men and women, and would seem to correlate with both women and people of color reporting that they are frequently presumed incompetent or presumed to occupy positions of employment and status lower than they actually do. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Meaning and Impact of Linda Nochlins Feminist Art Criticism

The Meaning and Impact of Linda Nochlin's Feminist Art Criticism Linda Nochlin was a renowned art critic, historian, writer, and researcher. Through her writing and academic work, Nochlin became an icon of the feminist art movement and history. Her best known essay is titled Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?, in which she examines the societal reasons that prevented women from gaining recognition in the art world. Key Takeaways Nochlins essay Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? was published in 1971 in ARTnews, a visual arts magazine.Written from an academic perspective, the essay became a pioneering manifesto for the feminist art movement and feminist art history.Through her academic work and her writing, Nochlin was instrumental in changing the language that surrounds the way we speak of artistic development, paving the way for many of those outside the norm, not just women, to find success as artists. Personal Life Linda Nochlin was born in 1931 in Brooklyn, New York, were she grew up an only child in a wealthy Jewish family. She inherited a love of the arts from her mother and was immersed in New York’s rich cultural landscape from a young age. A volume of Nochlins writing in which her famous essay appears.   Courtesy burlington.co.uk Nochlin attended Vassar College, then a single-sex college for women, where she minored in art history. She pursued a Master’s in English literature at Columbia University before completing doctoral work in art history at the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University while also teaching as a professor of art history at Vassar (where she would teach until 1979). While Nochlin is most famous for her role in feminist art history, she also made a name for herself as a scholar with wide academic interests, writing books on subjects as diverse as realism and impressionism, as well as several volumes of her essays originally published in various publications, including ARTnews and Art in America. Nochlin died in 2017 at the age of 86. At the time of her death she was a Lila Acheson Wallace professor of art history emerita at NYU. â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?† Nochlin’s most famous text is the 1971 essay, originally published in ARTnews, titled â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?,† in which she investigated the institutional roadblocks which have prevented women from ascending to the top ranks of art throughout history. The essay is argued from an intellectual and historical angle, rather than a feminist one, though Nochlin did secure her reputation as a feminist art historian after the publishing of this essay. In her writing, she insisted that the investigation into the inequity in the art world would only serve the arts as a whole: perhaps an interest in why women artists have been systematically excluded from the art historical canon will prompt a thorough investigation into the contexts of all artists, resulting in a more authentic, factual, and intellectually rigorous assessment of art history in general. Characteristic of Nochlin as a writer, the essay methodically lays out an argument to answer the titular question. She begins by insisting on the importance of her essay, in order to assert an â€Å"adequate and accurate view of history†. She then launches into the question at hand. Many feminist art historians, she argues, will try to answer her question by insisting it is predicated on false claims. Indeed, there have been great women artists, they just have produced in obscurity and have never made it into the history books. While Nochlin agrees that there is not nearly enough scholarship on many of these women, the possible existence of female artists that have reached the mythical status of â€Å"genius,† simply would state that the â€Å"status quo is fine,† and that the structural changes that feminists are fighting for have already been achieved. This, Nochlin says, is untrue, and she spends the rest of her essay outlining why. â€Å"The fault lies not in our stars, our hormones, our menstrual cycles, or our empty internal spaces, but in our institutions and our education,† she writes. Women were not permitted to attend live drawing sessions from a nude model (though women were permitted to model nude, an assertion of her place as object and not as self possessed maker), which was an essential chapter of an artist’s education in the 19th century. If not permitted to paint the nude, the few women painters that existed were forced to resort to subjects that were lower in the hierarchy of value assigned to different genres of art at the time, that is, they were relegated to painting still lives and landscapes. Add to this an art historical narrative that values the rise of innate genius and the insistence that wherever genius resides it will make itself known. This type of art historical myth making finds its origins in the biographies of such revered artists as Giotto and Andrea Mantegna, who were â€Å"discovered† tending flocks of livestock in the rural landscape, as close to the â€Å"middle of nowhere† as can be. The perpetuation of the artistic genius is detrimental to the success of female artists in two significant ways. First, it is a justification that, indeed, there are no great female artists because, as is implicitly stated in the genius narrative, greatness makes itself known regardless of circumstance. If a woman possessed genius, her talent would best all adverse conditions in her life (poverty, social duties, and children included) to make her â€Å"great.† Second, if we do accept the ex nihilo genius story, we are not inclined to study art as it exists in context, and therefore are more prone to ignoring important influences (and therefore, more inclined to discount the other intellectual forces surrounding an artist, which may include female artists and artists of color). Of course, there are many life circumstances that make the road to becoming an artist more straightforward. Among them is the custom that an artist profession is passed from father to son, making the choice to be an artist a tradition rather than a break from it, as it would be for women artists. (Indeed, a majority of the most famous pre-20th century women artists were the daughters of artists, though they are, of course, notable exceptions.)   Regarding these institutional and social circumstances as the situation that artistically-inclined women are up against, it is no wonder that more of them have not ascended to the heights of their male contemporaries. Reception Nochlin’s essay was widely acclaimed, as it provided the foundations on which to build alternative understandings of art history. It certainly provided the scaffolding on which other seminal essays such as Nochlin’s colleague Griselda Pollock’s â€Å"Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity† (1988), in which she argues that many women painters did not ascend to the same heights of some other Modernist painters because they were denied access to the spaces best suited to the Modernist project (that is, spaces like Manet’s Folies Bergà ¨re or Monet’s docks, both places from which single women would be discouraged). Artist Deborah Kass believes that Nochlins pioneering work made women’s and queer studies possible (ARTnews.com) as we know them today. Her words have resonated with generations of art historians and have even been emblazoned on T-shirts produced by upscale French fashion label Dior. Though there is still a great disparity between the representation of male versus female artists (and still a greater one between women of color and white female artists), Nochlin was instrumental in changing the language that surrounds the way we speak of artistic development, paving the way for many of those outside the norm, not just women, to find success as artists. Sources (2017). ‘A True Pioneer’: Friends and Colleagues Remember Linda Nochlin. ArtNews.com. [online] Available at: artnews.com/2017/11/02/a-true-pioneer-friends-and-colleagues-remember-linda-nochlin/#dk.Smith, R. (2017). Linda Nochlin, 86, Groundbreaking Feminist Art Historian, Is Dead. The New York Times. [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/01/obituaries/linda-nochlin-groundbreaking-feminist-art-historian-is-dead-at-86.htmNochlin, L. (1973). â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?†Ã‚  Art and Sexual Politics, Collier Books, pp. 1–39.

The Forest of Hands and Teeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Forest of Hands and Teeth - Essay Example The people of the village are controlled by fear of the Unconsecrated who continually try to infiltrate the village in order to satisfy their need for human flesh. The villagers live with the constant fear that the village could be breached at any time and they all would be infected which would turn the village into a world of zombies. Every day life is ruled by this fear, for instance, those villagers who were not of the Guard had to stay away from the fences in case of being bitten. Thus, it can be said that this fear was a form of social control; for, it forced the villagers to live in a certain way and adhere to certain rules. The villagers have limited options as what to do with their lives. Mary explains that â€Å"In my village an unmarried woman has three choices. She may live with her family; a man may speak for her, court her through the winter and marry her in the spring ceremonies; or she may join the Sisterhood.† The only real option the men have is to join the gu ard which patrols the fences, ensuring that no unconsecrated breach them. These options leave no room for free will and places duty above any personal wishes. These restrictions show how the villagers are obliged to live within these restrictions which tightly control their social lives. Ryan seems to be pointing at those social structures which limit our choices and free will. For instance, it is the common belief that has been passed down over generations that it is a woman’s duty to marry and have children. The Sisterhood of the village which is the religious mothers of the village so to speak also practices social control over the villagers. The Sisters believe in religious order, and tell the villagers that they are the only humans left on earth. Therefore, they are to protect their society whatever the cost, even if it means killing a loved one who has become infected. They also enforce the belief that God’s word is not to be questioned. On each door in the villa ge, a scripture is carved into the right of the door. Before, anyone is to enter or leave a building they have to place their hand on the scripture. Mary tells us that â€Å"It is our habit and duty to press a hand against these words†, demonstrating how easy it is to simply obey and get caught up in social control. The sisters have taught that this practice will protect the villagers and make God aid them. Whereas, if they do not follow these religious practices, God’s wrath would descend on the village. When Mary is forced to join the sisterhood she discovers that she has no choice but to abide by the sisters’ laws or else she would be cast out into the forest to join the ranks of the unconsecrated. Mary’s belief that there is a world beyond her village and the forest is bolstered by the arrival of the outsider, Gabrielle. Mary then realizes that the sisterhood has been keeping secrets from the villagers in order to force them to follow the edicts laid out by them. When Mary discovers that Gabrielle has become an unconsecrated, she explores the forbidden section of the Cathedral and learns that the sisters had caused Gabrielle to turn as part of an experiment. This completely shatters Mary’s belief in the sisterhood and all that they represent. The sisterhood created the Guard which Mary later finds out also kept certain secrets, such as placing stocks of food, water and weapons on the two fenced paths that lead away from